Difference between revisions of "Key messages"

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Key Messages
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'''A literature review of past practices formulated in 10 key findings'''<br />
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Project formulation includes the final selection of specific rehabilitation measures, which is critical and still difficult due to the limited knowledge on the effect of (hydromorphological) river restoration and the fact that effects depend on catchment, river, and project characteristics. In REFORM, the current knowledge was summarized in ten key messages or principles based on a comprehensive literature review and complementary field studies. This is only a starting point and river managers should gather as much information as possible, consulting the underlying primary literature and other reviews (e.g. [http://www.wiser.eu/results/conceptual-models/| WISER conceptual models)] as well as visiting similar restoration projects.
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== General: Monitor and adjust your project – nobody can fully predict restoration outcomes==
 
== General: Monitor and adjust your project – nobody can fully predict restoration outcomes==
=== Key finding - River restoration has an overall positive effect but variability is high. ===
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'''Key finding - River restoration has an overall positive effect but variability is high.'''
  
 
* Overall, hydromorphological river restoration has a positive effect on different aquatic organism groups (e.g. macrophytes, fish, macroinvertebrates). However, variability is very high and a large number of projects had no or even a negative effect on species richness, diversity, or abundance.
 
* Overall, hydromorphological river restoration has a positive effect on different aquatic organism groups (e.g. macrophytes, fish, macroinvertebrates). However, variability is very high and a large number of projects had no or even a negative effect on species richness, diversity, or abundance.
  
 
* A substantial share of the variation can be explained statistically but we are still far from really predicting the effect of restoration based on the project, river, and catchment characteristics.
 
* A substantial share of the variation can be explained statistically but we are still far from really predicting the effect of restoration based on the project, river, and catchment characteristics.
 
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=== Conclusions - It is necessary to apply adaptive management approaches. ===
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'''Conclusions - It is necessary to apply adaptive management approaches.'''
  
 
* The high variability of restoration effects within and between organism groups and our inability to really predict restoration outcomes stresses the need for post project appraisals and adaptive management approaches as described in Downs & Kondolf (2002) and Williams & Brown (2014).
 
* The high variability of restoration effects within and between organism groups and our inability to really predict restoration outcomes stresses the need for post project appraisals and adaptive management approaches as described in Downs & Kondolf (2002) and Williams & Brown (2014).
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'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.2 “Evaluation of hydromorphological restoration from existing data” [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
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# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/evaluation-hydromorphological-restoration-existing-data REFORM deliverable D4.2]  
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]
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# [http://reformrivers.eu/deliverables/d43-results-hydromorphological-and-ecological-survey REFORM deliverable D4.3 ]  
# [Link to the planning section of D 6.3]  
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# [http://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-001-0035-X Downs & Kondolf (2002)]
# Downs, P.W., Kondolf, G.M (2002). Post-project appraisals in adaptive management of river channel restoration. Environmental Management, 29, 477-496.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0205-7 Williams & Brown (2014)]
# Williams, B.K., Brown, E.D. (2014). Adaptive management: From more talk to real action. Environmental Assessment, 53, 465-479.
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<br />
  
 
==Societal benefits: Restoration pays – it increases ecosystem services. ==
 
==Societal benefits: Restoration pays – it increases ecosystem services. ==
  
=== Key finding - Restored reaches provide higher ecosystem services compared to unrestored reaches. ===
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'''Key finding - Restored reaches provide higher ecosystem services compared to unrestored reaches.'''
  
 
* Total ecosystem service value for restored reaches is usually higher compared to unrestored reaches due to higher cultural and regulating services, especially in densely populated regions.
 
* Total ecosystem service value for restored reaches is usually higher compared to unrestored reaches due to higher cultural and regulating services, especially in densely populated regions.
  
 
* The increase in value due to restoration is often several times higher than land rent and surpasses the costs of restoration over realistic timeframes.
 
* The increase in value due to restoration is often several times higher than land rent and surpasses the costs of restoration over realistic timeframes.
 
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<br />
=== Conclusions - Society benefits from restoration and changes in ecosystem services should be considered in the assessment of river restoration projects. ===
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''' Conclusions - Society benefits from restoration and changes in ecosystem services should be considered in the assessment of river restoration projects.'''
  
 
* River restoration enhances societal benefits, especially cultural and regulating services.
 
* River restoration enhances societal benefits, especially cultural and regulating services.
  
 
* Therefore, the effect of river restoration projects should be monitored and assessed in a holistic way, including biota (semi-terrestrial and terrestrial organism groups see key message “organism groups”) as well as ecosystem services. Rivers are socio-ecological systems.  
 
* Therefore, the effect of river restoration projects should be monitored and assessed in a holistic way, including biota (semi-terrestrial and terrestrial organism groups see key message “organism groups”) as well as ecosystem services. Rivers are socio-ecological systems.  
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'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.4 “Assessing the societal benefits of river restoration using the ecosystem services approach” and related publication in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
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# [http://reformrivers.eu/assessing-societal-benefits-river-restoration-using-ecosystem-services-approach REFORM deliverable D4.4]
# REFORM deliverable D2.3 “Analytical framework ecosystem services: Valuing the ecosystem services provided by European river corridors – an analytical framework”. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
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# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/results/hydromorphological-processes REFORM deliverable D2.3]  
# Acuna, V., Ramon Diez J., Flores, L., Meleason, M., Elosegi, A. (2013). Does it make sense to restore rivers for their ecosystem services? Journal of Applied Ecology, 50, 988-997.
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# [http://doi.org/DOI:%2010.1111/1365-2664.12107 Acuna et al. (2013)]
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==Organism group: Terrestrial and semi-aquatic species benefit most from restoration. ==
 
==Organism group: Terrestrial and semi-aquatic species benefit most from restoration. ==
  
=== Key finding - Effect on floodplain vegetation, ground beetles, macrophytes > fish > macroinvertebrates. ===
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'''Key finding - Effect on floodplain vegetation, ground beetles, macrophytes > fish > macroinvertebrates.'''
  
 
* Not all organism groups benefit from restoration to the same extent. In general, restoration effect is highest for terrestrial and semi-aquatic groups like floodplain vegetation and ground beetles, intermediate for macrophytes, lower for fish, and lowest for macroinvertebrates.  
 
* Not all organism groups benefit from restoration to the same extent. In general, restoration effect is highest for terrestrial and semi-aquatic groups like floodplain vegetation and ground beetles, intermediate for macrophytes, lower for fish, and lowest for macroinvertebrates.  
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=== Conclusions - Consider aquatic AND terrestrial organism groups. ===
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'''Conclusions - Consider aquatic AND terrestrial organism groups.'''
  
 
* The effect of river restoration projects on biota should be monitored and assessed in a holistic way, including semi-terrestrial and terrestrial organism groups. Terrestrial (floodplain) and aquatic ecosystems are closely linked and cannot be considered separately.  
 
* The effect of river restoration projects on biota should be monitored and assessed in a holistic way, including semi-terrestrial and terrestrial organism groups. Terrestrial (floodplain) and aquatic ecosystems are closely linked and cannot be considered separately.  
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<br />
  
 
'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]
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# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/results/effects-of-river-restoration REFORM deliverable D4.3]
# REFORM deliverable D4.2 “Evaluation of hydromorphological restoration from existing data” . [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]
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# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/results/effects-of-river-restoration REFORM deliverable D4.2].
# Haase, P., Hering, D., Jähnig, S. C., Lorenz, A. W., Sundermann, A. (2013). The impact of hydromorphological restoration on river ecological status: a comparison of fish, benthic invertebrates, and macrophytes. Hydrobiologia, 704, 475-488.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1255-1 Haase et al. (2013)]
# Jähnig, S. C., Brunzel, S., Gacek, S., Lorenz, A. W., Hering, D. (2009). Effects of re-braiding measures on hydromorphology, floodplain vegetation, ground beetles and benthic invertebrates in mountain rivers. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 406–416.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01611.x Jähnig et al. (2009)]
# Januschke, K., Jähnig, S. C., Lorenz, A. W., Hering, D. (2014). Mountain river restoration measures and their success(ion): Effects on river morphology, local species pool, and functional composition of three organism groups. Ecological Indicators, 38, 243–255.
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# [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.031 Januschke et al. (2014)]
# Januschke, K., S. Brunzel, P. Haase, D. Hering (2011). Effects of stream restorations on riparian mesohabitats, vegetation and carabid beetles: a synopsis of 24 cases from Germany. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, 3147–3164.
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# [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0119-8 Januschke et al. (2011)]
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==Biological metric: Restoration results in a higher number of individuals but few new species. ==
 
==Biological metric: Restoration results in a higher number of individuals but few new species. ==
  
=== Key finding - Effect on species abundance > effect on the number of species. ===
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'''Key finding - Effect on species abundance > effect on the number of species.'''
  
 
* In many projects, restoration had a high effect on species abundance, i.e. increased the number of individuals. In contrast, it often did not substantially increase the number of taxa, i.e. richness (REFORM deliverable D4.2). [Link to deliverable on REFORM website].
 
* In many projects, restoration had a high effect on species abundance, i.e. increased the number of individuals. In contrast, it often did not substantially increase the number of taxa, i.e. richness (REFORM deliverable D4.2). [Link to deliverable on REFORM website].
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* Among others, the small increase in the number of species might have three main reasons: First, there are no nearby source populations or migration barriers hinder colonization of the new habitats. Recent empirical and modelling studies have shown that the species pool and source populations for (re-) colonization are often sparse and limiting the effect of restoration on biodiversity (Stoll et al. 2014, Tonkin et al. 2014). Second, restoration failed to create the right habitats (see key factor “habitats”). Third, other, large-scale pressures are still limiting colonization (e.g. water quality, fine sediment input, Sundermann et al. 2013; Kail et al. 2012).  
 
* Among others, the small increase in the number of species might have three main reasons: First, there are no nearby source populations or migration barriers hinder colonization of the new habitats. Recent empirical and modelling studies have shown that the species pool and source populations for (re-) colonization are often sparse and limiting the effect of restoration on biodiversity (Stoll et al. 2014, Tonkin et al. 2014). Second, restoration failed to create the right habitats (see key factor “habitats”). Third, other, large-scale pressures are still limiting colonization (e.g. water quality, fine sediment input, Sundermann et al. 2013; Kail et al. 2012).  
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=== Conclusions - It is easier to increase the abundance of existing than to establish new species. ===
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'''Conclusions - It is easier to increase the abundance of existing than to establish new species.'''
  
 
* An increase in species abundance can be expected and considered a success. Don’t expect that many new and rare species will establish in your restored reach unless you restored the right habitats, addressed all other, large-scale pressures, and source populations are located nearby for rapid colonization of the new habitats.
 
* An increase in species abundance can be expected and considered a success. Don’t expect that many new and rare species will establish in your restored reach unless you restored the right habitats, addressed all other, large-scale pressures, and source populations are located nearby for rapid colonization of the new habitats.
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<br />
  
 
'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.2 “Evaluation of hydromorphological restoration from existing data”. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
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# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/evaluation-hydromorphological-restoration-existing-data REFORM deliverable D4.2].
# Kail, J., Arle, J., Jähnig, S.C. (2012). Limiting factors and thresholds for macroinvertebrate assemblages in European rivers: Empirical evidence from three datasets on water quality, catchment urbanization, and river restoration. Ecological Indicators, 18, 63–72.
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# [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.09.038 Kail et al. (2012)]
# Stoll, S., Kail, J., Lorenz, A.W., Sundermann, A., Haase, P. (2014). The Importance of the Regional Species Pool, Ecological Species Traits and Local Habitat Conditions for the Colonization of Restored River Reaches by Fish. PlosOne, 9, e84741.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084741 Stoll et al. (2014)]
# Sundermann, A., Gerhardt, M., Kappes, H., Haase, P. (2013). Stressor prioritisation in riverine ecosystems: Which environmental factors shape benthic invertebrate assemblage metrics? Ecological Indicators, 27, 83–96.
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# [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.12.003 Sundermann et al. (2013)]
# Tonkin, J.D., Stoll, S., Sundermann, A., Haase, P. (2014). Dispersal distance and the pool of taxa, but not barriers, determine the colonisation of restored river reaches by benthic invertebrates. Freshwater Biology, 59, 1843–1855.
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# [https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12387 Tonkin et al. (2014)]
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<br />
  
 
==Biological metrics: Restoration rather affects specific species or traits than increasing the mere total number of species. ==
 
==Biological metrics: Restoration rather affects specific species or traits than increasing the mere total number of species. ==
  
=== Key finding - Restoration has a larger effect on specific species or traits than on the mere total number of species. ===
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'''Key finding - Restoration has a larger effect on specific species or traits than on the mere total number of species.'''
  
 
* In general, the effect of restoration on community structure, specific species, and traits (e.g. flow and substrate preferences) was more pronounced compared to its effect on the mere total number of species (richness).  
 
* In general, the effect of restoration on community structure, specific species, and traits (e.g. flow and substrate preferences) was more pronounced compared to its effect on the mere total number of species (richness).  
  
 
* These changes in community structure potentially indicate specific functional changes caused by river restoration and should be used in future to increase our understanding how restoration measures affect aquatic ecosystems.
 
* These changes in community structure potentially indicate specific functional changes caused by river restoration and should be used in future to increase our understanding how restoration measures affect aquatic ecosystems.
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<br />
  
=== Conclusions - Functional aspects should be used to assess restoration projects and investigate restoration effects. ===
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'''Conclusions - Functional aspects should be used to assess restoration projects and investigate restoration effects.'''
  
 
*Future monitoring and studies should focus more on functional aspects (e.g. species traits, community structure) to investigate how river restoration affects river hydromorphology and biota, which would offer a great opportunity to make fundamental advances in restoration ecology and to identify (cost)-effective restoration measures.
 
*Future monitoring and studies should focus more on functional aspects (e.g. species traits, community structure) to investigate how river restoration affects river hydromorphology and biota, which would offer a great opportunity to make fundamental advances in restoration ecology and to identify (cost)-effective restoration measures.
  
 
*Restoration projects should also aim at restoring ecosystem functions and focus more on traits besides assessing restoration success based on the effect on species richness and diversity.
 
*Restoration projects should also aim at restoring ecosystem functions and focus more on traits besides assessing restoration success based on the effect on species richness and diversity.
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<br />
  
 
'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
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# [http://reformrivers.eu/deliverables/d43-results-hydromorphological-and-ecological-survey REFORM deliverable D4.3]
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<br />
  
 
==Measures: There is no single “best measure” but widening generally has a high effect. ==
 
==Measures: There is no single “best measure” but widening generally has a high effect. ==
  
=== Key finding - Similar effects of different measures on richness/abundance; high effect of widening especially on terrestrial and semi-aquatic species. ===
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'''Key finding - Similar effects of different measures on richness/abundance; high effect of widening especially on terrestrial and semi-aquatic species.'''
  
 
* There are no large differences in the overall effect of different measures on the richness and abundance of different organism groups.  
 
* There are no large differences in the overall effect of different measures on the richness and abundance of different organism groups.  
  
 
* However, there is a tendency that terrestrial and semi-aquatic organism groups like floodplain vegetation and ground beetles as well as macrophytes benefit most from channel-planform measures, especially from river widening/rebraiding and aquatic groups like fish and invertebrates from instream measures like large wood addition.  
 
* However, there is a tendency that terrestrial and semi-aquatic organism groups like floodplain vegetation and ground beetles as well as macrophytes benefit most from channel-planform measures, especially from river widening/rebraiding and aquatic groups like fish and invertebrates from instream measures like large wood addition.  
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=== Conclusions - Widening is one of the most effective measures for floodplain vegetation, ground beetles, and macrophytes, instream measures also have significant effects especially on fish and macroinvertebrates. ===
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'''Conclusions - Widening is one of the most effective measures for floodplain vegetation, ground beetles, and macrophytes, instream measures also have significant effects especially on fish and macroinvertebrates.'''
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* Widening (removing bed and bank fixation, flattening river banks, and in some projects considerably widening the cross-section) is one of the most effective restoration measure, especially for terrestrial vegetation, ground beetles, and macrophytes.
 
* Widening (removing bed and bank fixation, flattening river banks, and in some projects considerably widening the cross-section) is one of the most effective restoration measure, especially for terrestrial vegetation, ground beetles, and macrophytes.
  
 
* Instream measures in the wetted channel like large wood addition also have significant positive effects, especially for fish and invertebrates.
 
* Instream measures in the wetted channel like large wood addition also have significant positive effects, especially for fish and invertebrates.
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<br />
  
 
'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]
+
# [http://reformrivers.eu/deliverables/d43-results-hydromorphological-and-ecological-survey REFORM deliverable D4.3]
# REFORM deliverable D4.2 “Evaluation of hydromorphological restoration from existing data”. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
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# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/evaluation-hydromorphological-restoration-existing-data REFORM deliverable D4.2]
# Haase, P., Hering, D., Jähnig, S.C., Lorenz, A.W., Sundermann, A. (2013). The impact of hydromorphological restoration on river ecological status: a comparison of fish, benthic invertebrates, and macrophytes. Hydrobiologia, 704, 475-488.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1255-1 Haase et al. (2013)]
# Jähnig, S. C., Brunzel, S., Gacek, S., Lorenz, A. W., Hering, D. (2009). Effects of re-braiding measures on hydromorphology, floodplain vegetation, ground beetles and benthic invertebrates in mountain rivers. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 406–416.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01611.x Jähnig et al. (2009)]
# Januschke, K., Sundermann, A., Antons, C, Haase, P., Lorenz, A.W., Hering, D. (2009). Untersuchung und Auswertung von ausgewählten Renaturierungsbeispielen repräsentativer Fließgewässertypen der Flusseinzugsgebiete Deutschlands. Verbesserung der biologischen Vielfalt in Fließgewässern und ihren Auen. Schriftenreihe des Deutschen Rates für Landespflege, 82, 23-39.
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# [https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/bmu-import/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/35_07__85_050_bf.pdf Januschke et al. (2009) (in German)]
# Lorenz, A. W., Korte, T., Sundermann, A., Januschke, K., Haase, P. (2012). Macrophytes respond to reach-scale river restorations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 202–212.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02082.x Lorenz et al. (2012)]
# Miller, S.W., Budy, P., Schmidt, J.C. (2010). Quantifying macroinvertebrate responses to in-stream habitat restoration: applications of meta-analysis to river restoration. Restoration Ecology, 18, 8–19.
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# [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00605.x Miller et al. (2010)]
# Roni, P., Beechie, T., Pess, G., Hanson, K. (2015). Wood placement in river restoration: fact, fiction, and future direction. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 72, 466-478.
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# [http://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0344 Roni et al. (2015)]
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==Habitats: It is important to restore specific habitats not necessarily mere habitat diversity. ==
 
==Habitats: It is important to restore specific habitats not necessarily mere habitat diversity. ==
  
=== Key finding - Ground beetles benefit from specific habitats, macroinvertebrates are related to microhabitat diversity. ===
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'''Key finding - Ground beetles benefit from specific habitats, macroinvertebrates are related to microhabitat diversity.'''
  
 
* Ground beetle richness does not depend on mere habitat diversity but the presence of specific habitats: sparsely vegetated sand and gravel bars.
 
* Ground beetle richness does not depend on mere habitat diversity but the presence of specific habitats: sparsely vegetated sand and gravel bars.
  
 
* Macroinvertebrate richness increases with microhabitat diversity but is then limited by other stressors.
 
* Macroinvertebrate richness increases with microhabitat diversity but is then limited by other stressors.
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<br />
  
Conclusions - It is crucial to restore specific habitats at spatial scales relevant for biota (e.g. microhabitats).
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'''Conclusions - It is crucial to restore specific habitats at spatial scales relevant for biota (e.g. microhabitats).'''
  
 
* It is not necessarily most important to increase the mere number of habitat types (e.g. habitat diversity) but to restore specific habitats which are of special importance or presently limiting colonization.  
 
* It is not necessarily most important to increase the mere number of habitat types (e.g. habitat diversity) but to restore specific habitats which are of special importance or presently limiting colonization.  
  
 
* It is crucial to ensure that restoration measures create habitats at spatial scales relevant for biota (e.g. substrate diversity at the microhabitat scale for invertebrates). The outcome of restoration projects might be visually appealing (visible changes in macro- and mesohabitat diversity) but fail to increase microhabitat diversity.
 
* It is crucial to ensure that restoration measures create habitats at spatial scales relevant for biota (e.g. substrate diversity at the microhabitat scale for invertebrates). The outcome of restoration projects might be visually appealing (visible changes in macro- and mesohabitat diversity) but fail to increase microhabitat diversity.
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<br />
  
 
'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
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# [http://reformrivers.eu/deliverables/d43-results-hydromorphological-and-ecological-survey REFORM deliverable D4.3]
# Palmer, M.A., Menninger, H., Bernhardt, E.S. (2010). River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: a failure of theory or practice? Freshwater Biology, 55, 205–22.
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# [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02372.x/full Palmer et al. (2010)]
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<br />
  
 
==Project size and age: Small restoration projects work but better act big and long-term. ==
 
==Project size and age: Small restoration projects work but better act big and long-term. ==
  
=== Key finding - Projects investigated were too small to detect an effect of project size; contrasting results for project age. ===
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'''Key finding - Projects investigated were too small to detect an effect of project size; contrasting results for project age.'''
  
 
*In REFORM, we expected higher restoration effects in larger projects since longer reaches might mitigate the influence of large-scale pressures like fine sediment input and provide a minimum area for hydromorphological processes to act and viable populations to establish. Restoration had positive effects even in small restoration projects but effects did not increase in larger projects. Most probably, even the largest projects investigated in our study were still too small to increase restoration effects and projects have to be larger to show big effects.  
 
*In REFORM, we expected higher restoration effects in larger projects since longer reaches might mitigate the influence of large-scale pressures like fine sediment input and provide a minimum area for hydromorphological processes to act and viable populations to establish. Restoration had positive effects even in small restoration projects but effects did not increase in larger projects. Most probably, even the largest projects investigated in our study were still too small to increase restoration effects and projects have to be larger to show big effects.  
  
 
*Furthermore, we expected that restoration effects increased over time, and hence being larger in older projects. In the 20 REFORM case-studies, restoration effect did not depend on project age or showed non-linear trends. In contrast, project age was one of the main factors influencing restoration outcome in the literature review. However, the effect of restoration did not simply increase with time but showed different and non-linear relationships.
 
*Furthermore, we expected that restoration effects increased over time, and hence being larger in older projects. In the 20 REFORM case-studies, restoration effect did not depend on project age or showed non-linear trends. In contrast, project age was one of the main factors influencing restoration outcome in the literature review. However, the effect of restoration did not simply increase with time but showed different and non-linear relationships.
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=== Conclusions - Future projects should be larger to benefit from project size; project age has to be investigated further. ===
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'''Conclusions - Future projects should be larger to benefit from project size; project age has to be investigated further.'''
  
 
*Even small restoration projects can have a positive effect on some organism groups. Slightly larger projects don’t have larger effects. Most probably, restoration projects implemented in the past were simply too small to benefit from possible positive mitigating effects of project size and big projects are needed for big effects.
 
*Even small restoration projects can have a positive effect on some organism groups. Slightly larger projects don’t have larger effects. Most probably, restoration projects implemented in the past were simply too small to benefit from possible positive mitigating effects of project size and big projects are needed for big effects.
  
 
*The effect of restoration does not simply increase over time but changes non-linearly and might even decrease. This stresses the need to further investigate the effect of restoration over time in future studies to better understand the trajectories of change induced by restoration measures, and to identify sustainable measures which enhance biota in the long-term.
 
*The effect of restoration does not simply increase over time but changes non-linearly and might even decrease. This stresses the need to further investigate the effect of restoration over time in future studies to better understand the trajectories of change induced by restoration measures, and to identify sustainable measures which enhance biota in the long-term.
 +
<br />
  
 
'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]
+
# [http://reformrivers.eu/deliverables/d43-results-hydromorphological-and-ecological-survey REFORM deliverable D4.3]
# REFORM deliverable D4.2 “Evaluation of hydromorphological restoration from existing data”. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
+
# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/evaluation-hydromorphological-restoration-existing-data REFORM deliverable D4.2]
# Schmutz, S., Kremser, H., Melcher, A., Jungwirth, M., Muhar, S., Waidbacher, H., Zauner. G. (2014). Ecological effects of rehabilitation measures at the Austrian Danube: a meta-analysis of fish assemblages. Hydrobiologia, 729, 49-60.  
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# [http://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1511-z Schmutz et al. (2014)]
# Lorenz, A. W., Korte, T., Sundermann, A., Januschke, K., Haase, P. (2012). Macrophytes respond to reach-scale river restorations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 202–212.
+
# [http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02082.x Lorenz et al. (2012)]
# Whiteway, S.L., Biron, P.M., Zimmermann, A., Venter, O. & Grant, J.W. (2010). Do in-stream restoration structures enhance salmonid abundance? A meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 67, 831–841.
+
# [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nrc/cjfas/2010/00000067/00000005/art00005 Whiteway et al. (2010)]
# Haase, P., Hering, D., Jähnig, S.C., Lorenz, A.W. & Sundermann, A. (2013). The impact of hydromorphological restoration on river ecological status: a comparison of fish, benthic invertebrates, and macrophytes. Hydrobiologia, 704, 475-488.
+
# [http://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1255-1 Haase et al. (2013)]
 +
<br />
  
 
==Catchment characteristics: Slightly higher effects in gravel-bed mountain rivers with low land-use pressure. ==
 
==Catchment characteristics: Slightly higher effects in gravel-bed mountain rivers with low land-use pressure. ==
  
=== Key finding - Projects in gravel-bed Mountain Rivers with low land-use pressure have a slightly higher effect on biota. ===
+
'''Key finding - Projects in gravel-bed Mountain Rivers with low land-use pressure have a slightly higher effect on biota.'''
  
 
* Agricultural land use in the upstream catchment and in the restored reach affects and limits the outcome of restoration. However, restoration has an overall positive effect even in catchments dominated by agricultural land use and hence, this does not question restoration in agricultural catchments in general.  
 
* Agricultural land use in the upstream catchment and in the restored reach affects and limits the outcome of restoration. However, restoration has an overall positive effect even in catchments dominated by agricultural land use and hence, this does not question restoration in agricultural catchments in general.  
  
 
* The effect of restoration in gravel-bed mountain rivers tends to be higher for several organism groups compared to sand-bed lowland rivers, where restoration might even have a negative effect on specific organism groups and biological metrics (e.g. lower macroinvertebrate richness due to natural species-poor assemblages in sand-bed rivers).
 
* The effect of restoration in gravel-bed mountain rivers tends to be higher for several organism groups compared to sand-bed lowland rivers, where restoration might even have a negative effect on specific organism groups and biological metrics (e.g. lower macroinvertebrate richness due to natural species-poor assemblages in sand-bed rivers).
 +
<br />
  
=== Conclusions - Carefully consider catchment and river characteristics which might constrain restoration. ===
+
'''Conclusions - Carefully consider catchment and river characteristics which might constrain restoration.'''
  
 
* The outcome of restoration strongly depends on catchment and river characteristics and they have to be carefully considered.
 
* The outcome of restoration strongly depends on catchment and river characteristics and they have to be carefully considered.
Line 181: Line 204:
  
 
* The effect of restoration depends on different factors including large-scale pressures (e.g. water quality, fine sediment input), historical disturbances, a limited species pool and migration barriers hindering re-colonization of the restored section (see key factor “source populations”) as well as project age (see key factor “project age”). The knowledge on the effect of these factors on restoration success is still limited due to methodological problems or limited data availability and clearly merits further investigation.
 
* The effect of restoration depends on different factors including large-scale pressures (e.g. water quality, fine sediment input), historical disturbances, a limited species pool and migration barriers hindering re-colonization of the restored section (see key factor “source populations”) as well as project age (see key factor “project age”). The knowledge on the effect of these factors on restoration success is still limited due to methodological problems or limited data availability and clearly merits further investigation.
 +
<br />
  
 
'''Further reading'''
 
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
+
# [http://reformrivers.eu/deliverables/d43-results-hydromorphological-and-ecological-survey REFORM deliverable D4.3]  
# REFORM deliverable D4.2 “Evaluation of hydromorphological restoration from existing data”. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]
+
# [http://www.reformrivers.eu/evaluation-hydromorphological-restoration-existing-data REFORM deliverable D4.2]
 
   
 
   
 +
<br />
  
 
==Catchment characteristics: Is the effect of restoration on aquatic organism groups mainly limited by missing source populations? ==
 
==Catchment characteristics: Is the effect of restoration on aquatic organism groups mainly limited by missing source populations? ==
  
=== Key finding - The effect of restoration on fish and macroinvertebrates is potentially limited by the lack of source populations to colonize the new restored habitats. ===
+
'''Key finding - The effect of restoration on fish and macroinvertebrates is potentially limited by the lack of source populations to colonize the new restored habitats.'''
  
 
* Recent modelling and empirical studies indicate that the effect of restoration on fish and macroinvertebrates might be limited by the lack of source populations. Species might be extinct in a catchment or source populations located too far from the restored reach or dispersal hindered by migration barriers for species to colonize the new restored habitats within the limited time between restoration and monitoring.
 
* Recent modelling and empirical studies indicate that the effect of restoration on fish and macroinvertebrates might be limited by the lack of source populations. Species might be extinct in a catchment or source populations located too far from the restored reach or dispersal hindered by migration barriers for species to colonize the new restored habitats within the limited time between restoration and monitoring.
 +
<br />
  
=== Conclusions - The location of source populations has to be considered and this topic merits further investigation. ===
+
'''Conclusions - The location of source populations has to be considered and this topic merits further investigation.'''
  
 
* It is presently difficult to draw general conclusions based on the first empirical studies. This topic clearly merits further investigation since a limited re-colonization potential would need a completely different restoration strategy compared to habitat improvements. As a first rule of thumb, source populations for fish and macroinvertebrates should be located less than 5 km and 1 km upstream from the restored reach, respectively.  
 
* It is presently difficult to draw general conclusions based on the first empirical studies. This topic clearly merits further investigation since a limited re-colonization potential would need a completely different restoration strategy compared to habitat improvements. As a first rule of thumb, source populations for fish and macroinvertebrates should be located less than 5 km and 1 km upstream from the restored reach, respectively.  
  
=== Further reading ===
+
'''Further reading'''
# REFORM deliverable D4.3 “Effects of large- and small-scale river restoration on hydromorphology and ecology” and related publications in an upcoming special issue of Hydrobiology. [Link to deliverable on REFORM website]  
+
# [http://reformrivers.eu/deliverables/d43-results-hydromorphological-and-ecological-survey REFORM deliverable D4.3]  
# Radinger, J., Wolter, C., 2015. Disentangling the effects of habitat suitability, dispersal and fragmentation on the distribution of river fishes. Ecological Applications, in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0422.1.
+
# [http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0422.1 Radinger & Wolter (2015)]
# Stoll S., Sundermann A., Lorenz A.W., Kail J., Haase P. (2013). Small and impoverished fish species pools are a main challenge to the colonization of restored river reaches. Freshwater Biology, 58, 664–674.
+
# [http://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12068 Stoll et al. (2013)]
# Stoll, S., Kail, J., Lorenz, A.W., Sundermann, A., Haase, P. (2014). The importance of the regional species pool, ecological species traits and local habitat conditions for the colonization of restored river reaches by fish. PlosOne, 9, e84741.
+
# [http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084741 Stoll et al. (2014)]
# Sundermann A., Stoll S., Haase P. (2011). River restoration success depends on the species pool of the immediate surroundings. Ecological Applications, 21, 1962–1971.
+
# [http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0607.1 Sundermann et al. (2011)]
# Tonkin, J.D., Stoll, S., Sundermann, A., Haase, P. (2014). Dispersal distance and the pool of taxa, but not barriers, determine the colonisation of restored river reaches by benthic invertebrates. Freshwater Biology, 59, 1843–1855.
+
# [https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12387  Tonkin et al. (2014)]
# Winking, C., Lorenz, A.W., Sures, B., Hering, D. (2014). Recolonisation patterns of benthic invertebrates: a field investigation of restored former sewage channels. Freshwater Biology, 59, 1932-1944.
+
# [http://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12397 Winking et al. (2014)]

Latest revision as of 13:16, 7 January 2019

A literature review of past practices formulated in 10 key findings

Project formulation includes the final selection of specific rehabilitation measures, which is critical and still difficult due to the limited knowledge on the effect of (hydromorphological) river restoration and the fact that effects depend on catchment, river, and project characteristics. In REFORM, the current knowledge was summarized in ten key messages or principles based on a comprehensive literature review and complementary field studies. This is only a starting point and river managers should gather as much information as possible, consulting the underlying primary literature and other reviews (e.g. WISER conceptual models) as well as visiting similar restoration projects.

General: Monitor and adjust your project – nobody can fully predict restoration outcomes

Key finding - River restoration has an overall positive effect but variability is high.

  • Overall, hydromorphological river restoration has a positive effect on different aquatic organism groups (e.g. macrophytes, fish, macroinvertebrates). However, variability is very high and a large number of projects had no or even a negative effect on species richness, diversity, or abundance.
  • A substantial share of the variation can be explained statistically but we are still far from really predicting the effect of restoration based on the project, river, and catchment characteristics.


Conclusions - It is necessary to apply adaptive management approaches.

  • The high variability of restoration effects within and between organism groups and our inability to really predict restoration outcomes stresses the need for post project appraisals and adaptive management approaches as described in Downs & Kondolf (2002) and Williams & Brown (2014).
  • The key aspect of adaptive management or the PDCA cycle is to include a monitoring and planning to adjust the restoration project if necessary from the beginning.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.2
  2. REFORM deliverable D4.3
  3. Downs & Kondolf (2002)
  4. Williams & Brown (2014)


Societal benefits: Restoration pays – it increases ecosystem services.

Key finding - Restored reaches provide higher ecosystem services compared to unrestored reaches.

  • Total ecosystem service value for restored reaches is usually higher compared to unrestored reaches due to higher cultural and regulating services, especially in densely populated regions.
  • The increase in value due to restoration is often several times higher than land rent and surpasses the costs of restoration over realistic timeframes.


Conclusions - Society benefits from restoration and changes in ecosystem services should be considered in the assessment of river restoration projects.

  • River restoration enhances societal benefits, especially cultural and regulating services.
  • Therefore, the effect of river restoration projects should be monitored and assessed in a holistic way, including biota (semi-terrestrial and terrestrial organism groups see key message “organism groups”) as well as ecosystem services. Rivers are socio-ecological systems.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.4
  2. REFORM deliverable D2.3
  3. Acuna et al. (2013)


Organism group: Terrestrial and semi-aquatic species benefit most from restoration.

Key finding - Effect on floodplain vegetation, ground beetles, macrophytes > fish > macroinvertebrates.

  • Not all organism groups benefit from restoration to the same extent. In general, restoration effect is highest for terrestrial and semi-aquatic groups like floodplain vegetation and ground beetles, intermediate for macrophytes, lower for fish, and lowest for macroinvertebrates.


Conclusions - Consider aquatic AND terrestrial organism groups.

  • The effect of river restoration projects on biota should be monitored and assessed in a holistic way, including semi-terrestrial and terrestrial organism groups. Terrestrial (floodplain) and aquatic ecosystems are closely linked and cannot be considered separately.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.3
  2. REFORM deliverable D4.2.
  3. Haase et al. (2013)
  4. Jähnig et al. (2009)
  5. Januschke et al. (2014)
  6. Januschke et al. (2011)


Biological metric: Restoration results in a higher number of individuals but few new species.

Key finding - Effect on species abundance > effect on the number of species.

  • In many projects, restoration had a high effect on species abundance, i.e. increased the number of individuals. In contrast, it often did not substantially increase the number of taxa, i.e. richness (REFORM deliverable D4.2). [Link to deliverable on REFORM website].
  • The higher abundance might be due to a real increase in reproduction and/or the restored reach attracts individuals from adjacent reaches.


  • Among others, the small increase in the number of species might have three main reasons: First, there are no nearby source populations or migration barriers hinder colonization of the new habitats. Recent empirical and modelling studies have shown that the species pool and source populations for (re-) colonization are often sparse and limiting the effect of restoration on biodiversity (Stoll et al. 2014, Tonkin et al. 2014). Second, restoration failed to create the right habitats (see key factor “habitats”). Third, other, large-scale pressures are still limiting colonization (e.g. water quality, fine sediment input, Sundermann et al. 2013; Kail et al. 2012).


Conclusions - It is easier to increase the abundance of existing than to establish new species.

  • An increase in species abundance can be expected and considered a success. Don’t expect that many new and rare species will establish in your restored reach unless you restored the right habitats, addressed all other, large-scale pressures, and source populations are located nearby for rapid colonization of the new habitats.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.2.
  2. Kail et al. (2012)
  3. Stoll et al. (2014)
  4. Sundermann et al. (2013)
  5. Tonkin et al. (2014)


Biological metrics: Restoration rather affects specific species or traits than increasing the mere total number of species.

Key finding - Restoration has a larger effect on specific species or traits than on the mere total number of species.

  • In general, the effect of restoration on community structure, specific species, and traits (e.g. flow and substrate preferences) was more pronounced compared to its effect on the mere total number of species (richness).
  • These changes in community structure potentially indicate specific functional changes caused by river restoration and should be used in future to increase our understanding how restoration measures affect aquatic ecosystems.


Conclusions - Functional aspects should be used to assess restoration projects and investigate restoration effects.

  • Future monitoring and studies should focus more on functional aspects (e.g. species traits, community structure) to investigate how river restoration affects river hydromorphology and biota, which would offer a great opportunity to make fundamental advances in restoration ecology and to identify (cost)-effective restoration measures.
  • Restoration projects should also aim at restoring ecosystem functions and focus more on traits besides assessing restoration success based on the effect on species richness and diversity.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.3


Measures: There is no single “best measure” but widening generally has a high effect.

Key finding - Similar effects of different measures on richness/abundance; high effect of widening especially on terrestrial and semi-aquatic species.

  • There are no large differences in the overall effect of different measures on the richness and abundance of different organism groups.
  • However, there is a tendency that terrestrial and semi-aquatic organism groups like floodplain vegetation and ground beetles as well as macrophytes benefit most from channel-planform measures, especially from river widening/rebraiding and aquatic groups like fish and invertebrates from instream measures like large wood addition.


Conclusions - Widening is one of the most effective measures for floodplain vegetation, ground beetles, and macrophytes, instream measures also have significant effects especially on fish and macroinvertebrates.

  • Widening (removing bed and bank fixation, flattening river banks, and in some projects considerably widening the cross-section) is one of the most effective restoration measure, especially for terrestrial vegetation, ground beetles, and macrophytes.
  • Instream measures in the wetted channel like large wood addition also have significant positive effects, especially for fish and invertebrates.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.3
  2. REFORM deliverable D4.2
  3. Haase et al. (2013)
  4. Jähnig et al. (2009)
  5. Januschke et al. (2009) (in German)
  6. Lorenz et al. (2012)
  7. Miller et al. (2010)
  8. Roni et al. (2015)


Habitats: It is important to restore specific habitats not necessarily mere habitat diversity.

Key finding - Ground beetles benefit from specific habitats, macroinvertebrates are related to microhabitat diversity.

  • Ground beetle richness does not depend on mere habitat diversity but the presence of specific habitats: sparsely vegetated sand and gravel bars.
  • Macroinvertebrate richness increases with microhabitat diversity but is then limited by other stressors.


Conclusions - It is crucial to restore specific habitats at spatial scales relevant for biota (e.g. microhabitats).

  • It is not necessarily most important to increase the mere number of habitat types (e.g. habitat diversity) but to restore specific habitats which are of special importance or presently limiting colonization.
  • It is crucial to ensure that restoration measures create habitats at spatial scales relevant for biota (e.g. substrate diversity at the microhabitat scale for invertebrates). The outcome of restoration projects might be visually appealing (visible changes in macro- and mesohabitat diversity) but fail to increase microhabitat diversity.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.3
  2. Palmer et al. (2010)


Project size and age: Small restoration projects work but better act big and long-term.

Key finding - Projects investigated were too small to detect an effect of project size; contrasting results for project age.

  • In REFORM, we expected higher restoration effects in larger projects since longer reaches might mitigate the influence of large-scale pressures like fine sediment input and provide a minimum area for hydromorphological processes to act and viable populations to establish. Restoration had positive effects even in small restoration projects but effects did not increase in larger projects. Most probably, even the largest projects investigated in our study were still too small to increase restoration effects and projects have to be larger to show big effects.
  • Furthermore, we expected that restoration effects increased over time, and hence being larger in older projects. In the 20 REFORM case-studies, restoration effect did not depend on project age or showed non-linear trends. In contrast, project age was one of the main factors influencing restoration outcome in the literature review. However, the effect of restoration did not simply increase with time but showed different and non-linear relationships.


Conclusions - Future projects should be larger to benefit from project size; project age has to be investigated further.

  • Even small restoration projects can have a positive effect on some organism groups. Slightly larger projects don’t have larger effects. Most probably, restoration projects implemented in the past were simply too small to benefit from possible positive mitigating effects of project size and big projects are needed for big effects.
  • The effect of restoration does not simply increase over time but changes non-linearly and might even decrease. This stresses the need to further investigate the effect of restoration over time in future studies to better understand the trajectories of change induced by restoration measures, and to identify sustainable measures which enhance biota in the long-term.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.3
  2. REFORM deliverable D4.2
  3. Schmutz et al. (2014)
  4. Lorenz et al. (2012)
  5. Whiteway et al. (2010)
  6. Haase et al. (2013)


Catchment characteristics: Slightly higher effects in gravel-bed mountain rivers with low land-use pressure.

Key finding - Projects in gravel-bed Mountain Rivers with low land-use pressure have a slightly higher effect on biota.

  • Agricultural land use in the upstream catchment and in the restored reach affects and limits the outcome of restoration. However, restoration has an overall positive effect even in catchments dominated by agricultural land use and hence, this does not question restoration in agricultural catchments in general.
  • The effect of restoration in gravel-bed mountain rivers tends to be higher for several organism groups compared to sand-bed lowland rivers, where restoration might even have a negative effect on specific organism groups and biological metrics (e.g. lower macroinvertebrate richness due to natural species-poor assemblages in sand-bed rivers).


Conclusions - Carefully consider catchment and river characteristics which might constrain restoration.

  • The outcome of restoration strongly depends on catchment and river characteristics and they have to be carefully considered.
  • Based on present knowledge, it seems that:
  • Restoration projects in gravel-bed mountain rivers with low land-use pressures have slightly higher effects on some organism groups (e.g. ground beetles) compared to projects in sand-bed lowland rivers with higher land-use pressure.
  • Restoration projects in agricultural catchments in general still have a positive effect on biota but they are more susceptible to failure.
  • The effect of restoration depends on different factors including large-scale pressures (e.g. water quality, fine sediment input), historical disturbances, a limited species pool and migration barriers hindering re-colonization of the restored section (see key factor “source populations”) as well as project age (see key factor “project age”). The knowledge on the effect of these factors on restoration success is still limited due to methodological problems or limited data availability and clearly merits further investigation.


Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.3
  2. REFORM deliverable D4.2


Catchment characteristics: Is the effect of restoration on aquatic organism groups mainly limited by missing source populations?

Key finding - The effect of restoration on fish and macroinvertebrates is potentially limited by the lack of source populations to colonize the new restored habitats.

  • Recent modelling and empirical studies indicate that the effect of restoration on fish and macroinvertebrates might be limited by the lack of source populations. Species might be extinct in a catchment or source populations located too far from the restored reach or dispersal hindered by migration barriers for species to colonize the new restored habitats within the limited time between restoration and monitoring.


Conclusions - The location of source populations has to be considered and this topic merits further investigation.

  • It is presently difficult to draw general conclusions based on the first empirical studies. This topic clearly merits further investigation since a limited re-colonization potential would need a completely different restoration strategy compared to habitat improvements. As a first rule of thumb, source populations for fish and macroinvertebrates should be located less than 5 km and 1 km upstream from the restored reach, respectively.

Further reading

  1. REFORM deliverable D4.3
  2. Radinger & Wolter (2015)
  3. Stoll et al. (2013)
  4. Stoll et al. (2014)
  5. Sundermann et al. (2011)
  6. Tonkin et al. (2014)
  7. Winking et al. (2014)