Thur
Thur
The information for this case study has been reproduced from the [1]:
The Thur river is one of the main rivers in the Cantons St. Gallen, Thurgau and Zürich in Switzerland. The catchment area of the Thur river covers 1,750 km2 with about 456 creeks and brooks. The Thur (length: 127 km) is a wild river with no lake or dam or big floodplain for retention (HQ100 = 1,350m3/s, lowest runoff Q=2,24m3/s, the average runoff is 47m3/s). The highest point is the summit of Säntis (2,551m above sea level).
Heavy rainfall combined with melting of snow and/or previous saturated soil cause a rapid rise in the water level and the river transforming into a fast-flowing torrent. Flood peaks commonly occur within a few hours after the onset of rains. The amount of bed load is 12,000 m3/year.
The first technical flood control works were constructed in the second half of the 19th century. Their main purpose was taming the Thur river to protect the main Thur-valley against the regular intensive floodings ever causing immense damages to buildings, roads and crops, and to satisfy the need for new agricultural land on which to cultivate more food crops. Today, the ancient dikes and other measures applied in the late 19th century no longer adequately cope with modern discharge conditions, mainly due to insufficient heights, inappropriate construction materials, and poor maintenance. The river bed has been filled with sediment deposits, limiting discharge capacity and increasing flood peaks, while the increased human occupation of the valley in some places limits the extent of the floodplain while interfering with surface roughness (trees) in others
After the catastrophic flooding due to the breaking of the dikes in 1978, urgent response measures included the repairing and heightening of the dikes and the removal of surface layer sediments from the confined stream bed. The increased attention paid to ecological aspects in later years resulted in a removal of the old stonewall parallel to the stream bed, while groynes were build in combination with obliquely placed blocks and willow trees.
The resulting variety of river works provide both protection while allowing the river a greater freedom to spread and move. Over a length of 1,500 m and a width of 500 m the Thur river now can redevelop its natural course, in which erosion and sediment deposition processes freely alternate. Scours and rapids as well as wandering gravel beds have once again become a part of the river. The newly designed successfully was tested by the flood of 1999 (Q 1,000m3/s), in which only a few blocks have been moved downstream, and no extensive repairing appeared necessary. The river restoration works also proved a great success for the ecological state of the Thur river - fish species like the Chondrostoma nasus and bird species like the Actitis hypoleucos found new habitats within the new river landscape. The experiences with the river restoration project of the Thur river provide important perceptions for further projects on other rivers. More space for rivers gives opportunities to restore natural wild flora and fauna. Besides, the character of the river changes from a dull canal to a diversified river environment, offering opportunities for tourism and recreation. The Thur river restoration project shows that flood control by means of nature friendly technical river works not necessarily oppose nature conservation interests.
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