https://wiki.reformrivers.eu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sven+Teurlincx&feedformat=atomREFORM wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T06:28:18ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.23.5https://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Conservation_of_Atlantic_Salmon_in_Scotland_(LIFE_04/NAT/GB/000250)Conservation of Atlantic Salmon in Scotland (LIFE 04/NAT/GB/000250)2011-08-02T10:40:03Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Measures selection */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Conservation of Atlantic Salmon in Scotland (LIFE 04/NAT/GB/000250)=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="56.656226" lon="-1.604004" zoom="6" scale="yes" overview="yes" controls="large"><br />
</googlemap><br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="234" /><br />
<br />
''This webpage is currently under construction. Comments with regards to the contents or possible lack would be gratefully appreciated. <br /> The FORECASTER Team ''<br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
''In the following section, background and motives of the restoration project which led to the initiation of the project are introduced''<br />
<br />
===Drivers and pressures===<br />
<br />
Pressures such as commercial netting, deterioration of water quality, barriers to migration, etc. were inflicted upon the European freshwater ecosystem for many years thus resulting in the decline of the population of Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar''). Consequently, the Atlantic salmon specie is now at risk all over Europe even in Scotland where water quality is generally good. Scottish rivers such as the Dee, Tweed, Tay and Spey are actually ranked amongst the most famous salmon fishing rivers in the world. This concern about salmon decline drove the Scottish National Heritage (SNH) to develop a conservation strategy for a sustainable exploitation of salmon stocks. As a result, a LIFE project “Conservation of Atlantic Salmon in Scotland (CASS)” was undertaken in 2004, focusing on eight of the key Salmon River Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in Scotland (see map below). <br />
<br />
[[Image: CASS_-_Project_map.jpg |thumb | center | Project map <i> (Conservation of Atlantic Salmon in Scotland – Layman’s report) </i>]]<br />
. <br />
===Global objectives===<br />
<br />
The CASS project aimed to conserve the abundance and diversity of salmon in Scotland through a significant improvement of freshwater habitats, the development of management guidelines, and the promotion and demonstration of best practice in the removal of key threats through joint effort and partnership.<br />
<br />
===Specific goals===<br />
<br />
In order to achieve the conservation goal, the LIFE project divided its strategy in seven key points focusing on different threats inflicted upon the salmon stock. <br />
<br />
# Increase the extent of freshwater habitat by bypassing, removing or mitigating 25 man-made obstacles<br />
# Improve the extent and quality of spawning and juvenile habitat through in-stream works<br />
# Prevent erosion of riverbank habitat due to uncontrolled grazing<br />
# Reduce siltation of spawning and juvenile habitat from runoff and eroding banks<br />
# Improve riverbank woodland habitat<br />
# Stimulate natural recolonisation and spawning in newly restored areas<br />
# Purchase netting rights<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
''The following section introduces which measures were prepared, implemented and whether they were successful in reaching their related goals''<br />
<br />
A large broad of restoration measures were implemented within the frame of the LIFE CASS project. Those measures are summarized below and relate to the specific goals outlined above. <br /><br />
<br />
# Aiming to improve the longitudinal continuity, 25 artificial obstacles were removed in rivers Spey, Dee, Moriston, Oykel, Tay and Bladnoch allowing salmon to access to 150 km of previously restricted areas of habitat at a total cost of € 450, 000. <br /><br />
# The project also intended to expand and improve available juvenile habitats. 70 137 m2 of habitat were then re-created in rivers Dee and Bladnoch with addition of boulder mats and channel deflectors to uniform channels, and clearing obstacles from tributaries at a total cost of € 107,000.<br />
# Uncontrolled grazing in the Dee, Bladnoch and South Esk rivers catchment led to erosion of the riverbanks, thus resulting in the siltation of salmon habitats. To counteract this threat, the project undertook the following restoration work: <br />
<br />
* 80 km of riparian fencing and associated watering and gates were established at a total cost of € 470,000<br />
* 37 land management agreements, which are valid for a period of 10 years, were concluded on the River Dee covering 39.82 ha and costing € 18,700. <br />
<br />
# 500 m of riverbank on the River Bladnoch were stabilized at a total cost of € 11,000 also intending to reduce siltation of spawning and juvenile habitats. Besides, a particular attention was given to the Dee catchment where 60 silt traps were constructed and regular maintenance contracts established. Silt traps are miniature weirs often constructed from wood, and placed in drainage ditches to prevent silt from entering salmon spawning habitat. The total cost was € 30,000. <br />
<br />
# Commercial afforestation has caused degradation of water quality and riparian habitat such as acidification and over-shading. 123 ha of coniferous plantation were removed and 46.6 km of riparian woodland managed to counteract this pressure along rivers Bladnoch, Dee, Spey and Tay. Besides, coppicing was demonstrated to be one of the most cost-effective measures in increasing numbers of salmon parr. The total cost for forest management was € 164,000. <br />
<br />
# Juveniles restocking was carried in newly restored/ opened-up areas of rivers Spey and Bladnoch to stimulate natural recolonisation at a global cost of € 155,000.<br />
<br />
# Finally, five netting stations were purchased or leased on the River Oykel, one netting station leased on the River Bladnoch at a total cost of € 61,000. Salmon netting in the mouths of rivers remove significant numbers of adult salmon, impacting negatively on spawning and smolt production.<br />
<br />
The project implemented most of the measures foreseen as introduced in the following table. The purchase of netting stations only failed on one river due to a higher price than anticipated.<br />
<br />
[[Image: CASS_-_Project_achievements.jpg | center | Project achievements <i> (Conservation of Atlantic Salmon in Scotland – Layman’s report) </i> ]]<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
No information found.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
Due to the complex life cycle of Atlantic salmon, it will take several years before it is possible to assess the real conservation impact of the restoration work undertaken under the LIFE CASS project. However, preliminary results of the monitoring show that salmon are returning to these rivers, one of which, the Coy, has not seen salmon for over 250 years. Furthermore, monitoring results showed new spawning in area of re-created habitat. <br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
All the components of the ecosystems (biotic, chemistry and hydromorphologic) were assessed both before and after restoration. The purpose of the pre-assessment was mainly to estimate areas suitable habitats for spawning and juveniles and select sites to implement measures while the post-restoration monitoring aimed to assess the success of the restoration measures. Some details are given below regarding to the monitoring after implementation (details are available in the After Life conservation plan [http://www.snh.org.uk/salmonlifeproject/pdf/CASS%20-%20After%20LIFE%20Conservation%20Plan%20-%20Mark%20Moore%20-%20Aug-10.pdf]) :<br />
<br />
* Salmon stocks were monitored from fry to adults in the spawning and juvenile habitats as well as around the migration barriers. To assess obstacles removal efficiency, six fish counters were installed, with electro-fishing and smolt traps in areas without fish counters at a total cost of € 350,000.<br />
<br />
* The quality of spawning and juvenile habitats was also monitored by habitat mapping and monitoring in areas of forest management and fencing. Besides, sediment audits are planned to be carried out 5 years after fencing has been installed. Photographic records of selected areas with severe erosion were also compiled. <br />
<br />
* In the meanwhile, the water quality was monitored especially pH to determine whether the forestry management has reduced the acidity of the water. <br />
<br />
Monitoring will continue for many years after the project end aiming to determine the success of the project actions also assist with prioritization of future actions, such as further obstacle removal, areas for in-stream restoration above former fish 5 passage obstacles, areas for fencing and grazing management above the former obstacles, areas for forestry or coppicing actions, or riparian vegetation restoration, and so on.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
<br />
''In the following section, ways of cooperation, interaction and information with partners, stakeholders and wider audience of the project are introduced as well as their related success in reaching their participation objectives. ''<br />
<br />
===Cooperation===<br />
<br />
The CASS cooperation included a wide range of partners such as statutory agencies, government departments, research institutes, commercial companies and local authorities. They were directly involved in managing the project as well as undertaking specific actions. Alongside the Scottish Natural Heritage as the project leader, the following organizations were partners: The Association of Salmon Fishery Boards, Esk District Salmon Fishery Board, Tay District Salmon Fishery Board, Kyle of Sutherland District Salmon Fishery Board, Dee District Salmon Fishery Board, Spey District Salmon Fishery Board, Ness District Salmon Fishery Board, Bladnoch District Salmon Fishery Board, The Tweed Foundation, Galloway Fisheries Trust, Fisheries Research Services Freshwater Laboratory, Forestry Commission Scotland, Scottish Executive, Scottish and Southern Energy plc, The Crown Estate, Moray Council and Transport Scotland.<br />
<br />
The cooperation succeeded by gathering eight of the Salmon Fisheries Boards, responsible for 40% of the wild salmon resource in Scotland as well as conservation agencies, hydroelectric companies and the Scottish Executive. By working together within the same project, a broad range of problems were resolved through consensus with all parties concerned. Furthermore, all the knowledge gained by the partners during the CASS LIFE Project allow them to make informed and appropriate decisions regarding any future work, and may even be used to produce best-practice guidance which may in the future guide legislation and regulation for land practices adjacent to salmon rivers. <br />
<br />
===Interaction===<br />
<br />
The CASS project highlighted that the value of positive conservation management is often poorly recognized by river stakeholders. Therefore, the project developed a specific approach aiming to resolve this threat to salmon by holding events such as workshops, conference etc. but also by liaising with stakeholders. As an example, 36 days of partner time spent on direct liaison with stakeholders were organized. Stakeholders were successfully involved in the project such as landowners who request to be more involved in the fencing and riparian grazing control scheme.<br />
<br />
===Communication===<br />
<br />
Besides the implementation of the restoration work, the project also foresaw to raise awareness on the needs of salmon conservation, both to managers and to a wider audience. <br />
<br />
First, an education programme targeting a large public was developed through the use of a website, leaflets, interpretative panels, etc at a total cost of € 140,000. (More details are available here [http://www.snh.org.uk/salmonlifeproject/pdf/CS5.pdf]). A particular attention was given to children with the school education programme “Salmon in the classroom”. All partners have reported that the Salmon in the Classroom programme has been an effective way to educate the next generation about salmon conservation. Moreover, the project intended to produce a range of management demonstration products, which would feed into wider conservation strategies for the species, and provide guidance for their application throughout Scotland and beyond. A Scotland wide Best Practice Guidance for gravel extraction in Salmon Rivers was then developed (available here [http://www.snh.org.uk/salmonlifeproject/pdf/A246750.pdf]) at a cost of € 13,000. <br />
<br />
===Funding===<br />
<br />
''The following section gives an overview of cost and funding of the project''<br />
<br />
Besides the EU which funded 50 % of the total cost (4 695 816 €), others co-financiers provided essential finance to ensure the necessary works could be done such as: Inverness and Nairn Enterprise, Middle Dee Project, Carron Proprietor’s Association and the Laggan Fishings. Mr. Christopher Martin, Alcan, Diageo, Rothiemurchus Estate.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
''''' <br /><br />
XX, project manager/coordinator <br /><br />
Telephone: xx xx xx xx xx <br /><br />
E-mail: xx xx xx xx xx <br /><br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
Although the project was completed in 2008, the Scottish salmon conservation is still ongoing in order to find out whether the project was a success and to prioritize further actions needed aiming to resolve remaining issues. General information is given below but further details are available here [http://www.snh.org.uk/salmonlifeproject/pdf/CASS%20-%20After%20LIFE%20Conservation%20Plan%20-%20Mark%20Moore%20-%20Aug-10.pdf]<br />
<br />
* Site appraisals and monitoring<br />
* Closure of netting rights and land management agreements<br />
* Maintenance of restored connectivity of salmon habitat<br />
* Fencing and silt trap maintenance<br />
* Maintenance of fish counters<br />
* Continued management of riparian woodland<br />
* Restocking of improved areas with local hatchery-reared salmon <br />
* Public awareness<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.snh.org.uk/salmonlifeproject/index.asp Project website] <sub> (<i>language:</i> English)<br />
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=2620&docType=pdf CASS - Conservation of Atlantic salmon in Scotland LIFE04 NAT/GB/000250 – LIFE Web Summary] <sub> (<i>language:</i> English)<br />
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=laymanReport&fil=LIFE04_NAT_GB_000250_LAYMAN.pdf CASS - Conservation of Atlantic salmon in Scotland LIFE04 NAT/GB/000250 – Layman’s report] <sub> (<i>language:</i> English)<br />
*[http://www.snh.org.uk/salmonlifeproject/pdf/CASS%20-%20After%20LIFE%20Conservation%20Plan%20-%20Mark%20Moore%20-%20Aug-10.pdf CASS - Conservation of Atlantic salmon in Scotland LIFE04 NAT/GB/000250 – After-LIFE Conservation plan] <sub> (<i>language:</i> English)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="234" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="234" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:River continuity]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=GamerenGameren2010-12-17T10:39:32Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Gameren=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.808164" lon="5.208592" zoom="15"><br />
(A) 51.80681, 5.203571 <br />
[[Image:Gameren_West_Channel.JPG|thumb]]<br />
west channel that flows 265 d.yr-1<br />
(B) 51.807235, 5.215073<br />
east channel that flows 100 d.yr-1<br />
(C) 51.805431, 5.207949<br />
south channel that flows 365 d.yr-1<br />
6#FFC57575 (#66C57575)<br />
51.805643, 5.195332<br />
51.804661, 5.200224<br />
51.803983, 5.206086<br />
51.804567, 5.21321<br />
51.805151, 5.216214<br />
51.806902, 5.219476<br />
51.809025, 5.221278<br />
51.809237, 5.216901<br />
51.808548, 5.208661<br />
51.80876, 5.202052<br />
51.809556, 5.196216<br />
51.80929, 5.193812<br />
51.805749, 5.195203<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="5" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Gameren_Oblique_view.jpg|thumb|left|View on side channel set of Floodplain "Gameren", downstream direction. Photo: Rijkswaterstaat (NL)]]<br />
<br />
<p>Under the authority of the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Eastern Netherlands division), the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment RIZA executed a monitoring program on secondary channels in the Gamerensche Waard. During the period 1996-2002 a broad and complete program was executed with three main objectives: 1) evaluation of the desired effects, 2) assessment of the undesirable side-effects (risks) and 3) increase of the knowledge about secondary channels.</p><br />
<p>In the period 1995-1999 three secondary channels were excavated in the Gamerensche Waard along the river Waal (the main side branch of the river Rhine). Regarding the dimensions, these channels are unique for Dutch rivers. These channels are digged out partly from former agricultural grassland and partly they ecxists of connected former sand and clay exctraction pits. The three secondary channels vary with regard to location (inside and outside the summer embankment), length (0.5-2 km), width, depth (0-20 m), discharge (1-3%) and the like. Just one of the channels is flowing permanently, the other two<br />
contain flowing water in respectively 4 and 11 months a year.</p><br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
====Hydrology====<br />
The monitoring period (1996-2002) was characterized by relatively<br />
high river discharges. Therefore the secondary channels were connected<br />
to the stream flow more frequently than planned. The total discharge<br />
of the three secondary channels is about 2% of the average river<br />
discharge. The maximum flow ve-locity in the secondary channels<br />
appeared at narrows; the strongest turbulences just downstream of<br />
those narrows. With low river discharges, a large influence of navigation<br />
on the flow velocity was visible in the channels; this led sometimes to<br />
a turnover of the flow direction. The discharge capacity of the Waal<br />
with high floods was not lowered significantly by the sedimentation in<br />
the secondary channels. The vegetation development led to only a<br />
minimal decrease of the discharge capacity of the river.<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
The predicted sedimentation in the main channel parallel to the<br />
Gamerensche Waard did indeed occur, but it appeared difficult to<br />
prove because of the inter-ference with slowly passing sand<br />
waves/dunes on the bottom of the Waal. The sedimentation resulting<br />
from the construction of the secondary channels was of the same order<br />
as the measurement uncertainty and the autonomous developments in<br />
the riverbed.<br />
Roughly no large morphological changes were measured in the secondary<br />
channels of the Gamerensche Waard. The erosion- and sedimentation<br />
rates in the first years after construction were larger than in the<br />
later years. Locally some clear (bank) erosion and sedimentation were<br />
recognized.<br />
It is expected that the former sand extraction pit will be filled up to the<br />
level of the rest of the channel around the year 2050 (net sedimentation<br />
rate is about 0.05 to 0.11 m/year).<br />
<br />
====Soil quality and ecological risks====<br />
The bed soil in the secondary channels consists mainly of sand (in the<br />
former sand extraction a mixture of silt and sand). The soil quality of<br />
the secondary channels has improved during the monitoring period<br />
(sedimentation of clean sand).<br />
Although the concentrations of toxic substances in the bottom are so<br />
high that negative ecological effects can be expected, the determined<br />
risks are not so high that these can block the ecological recovery<br />
seriously. These risks are gradually decreasing because the sediment<br />
becomes more and more sandy and this means also cleaner.<br />
There are no possibilities for (a cost-effective) extraction of the sediment<br />
due to the heterogeneous composition. Distribution of the sediment to<br />
elsewhere in the river system is possible due to the tolerable quality of<br />
the sediment.<br />
<br />
====Ecology, vegetation====<br />
The abundance of trees and bushes in the Gamerensche Waard is still<br />
limited because of the imperfect germination and establishment<br />
conditions: on the islands because of the dense grass cover and on the<br />
banks of the channels because of the large water level fluctuations.<br />
With regard to the floristic com-position, hardly any target species,<br />
Red-list species or protected species were found in or near the secondary<br />
channels. In spite of this, the floristic quality of the muddy banks of<br />
the channels is (very) good, but not exceptional in com-parison with<br />
other nature developments projects along the river Waal.<br />
In the biggest secondary channel in the Gamerensche Waard some<br />
small fields with aquatic vegetation were found in 2002 (''Myriophyllum''<br />
''spicatum'' and ''Potamogeton'' ''pectinatus'').<br />
<br />
====Ecology, macro invertebrats====<br />
In the secondary channels of the Gamerensche Waard about 75% of<br />
the recently recorded species of the river Rhine occurs. The species<br />
diversity of the secondary channels is much higher than in the groyne<br />
fields of the main channel. In the slow flowing parts of the secondary<br />
channels significantly less exotic species occur than in the main river<br />
bed.<br />
From the 46 (macroinvertebrate) target species, only 3 species were<br />
discovered in the secondary channels of the Gamerensche Waard. The<br />
absence of other target species can largely be attributed to the lacking of<br />
some specific habitats e.g. gravel, woody debris and aquatic vegetation.<br />
Those chironomid species that are characteristic for stable sandy flats<br />
recolonised the area quite fast.<br />
The sediment type, the water depth, the flow velocity, the<br />
morphodynamics, the organic matter content and the soil chemistry<br />
together determine the spe-cies composition of the macroinvertebrate<br />
community. All these factors are mutually strong dependent on each<br />
other; evident relations are difficult to prove. The highest species<br />
diversity occurs on silt or vegetation in shallow, slow flowing water<br />
with a limited erosion or sedimentation. These factors seem to be of a<br />
larger influence on the macroinvertebrate composition than the degree<br />
of soil pollution.<br />
<br />
====Ecology, fish====<br />
In the secondary channels of the Gamerensche Waard various reophilic<br />
fish species (preference for flowing water) were found, including five<br />
target species (''Barbus barbus'', ''Leuciscus cephalus'', ''Chondrostoma nasus'', ''Leuciscus idus'' and ''Lampetra fluviatilis''). For these reophilic fish<br />
the secondary channels function mainly as a growing up area during<br />
their earliest stages of life. Later on they migrate to the main channel.<br />
The most reophilic fish enters the secondary channels passively by<br />
means of larval drift.<br />
<br />
====Conclusions relating to navigation/shipping, Safety, Ecological restoration and management====<br />
Problems for navigation were not detected in spite of the slight<br />
sedimentation in the main channel, which is a result of the construction<br />
of the secondary channels. The sedimentation as a result of the<br />
secondary channels interferes with other large-scale ’autonomous’<br />
processes. Consequently one should al-ways bear in mind the<br />
temporal fluctuations in bed level. Inland navigation was not hindered<br />
by (cross) currents at the in- or outlet of the channels.<br />
The increase of the river discharge capacity resulting from the<br />
construction of secondary channels was annulled for a small part (± 15%)<br />
by the sedimentation in the bed of the channels and by the bush<br />
encroachment elsewhere in the Gamerensche Waard. At this moment<br />
dredging or digging the secondary chan-nels in order to maintain the<br />
flowing character of the channels is not needed.<br />
At one location local bank erosion required intervention to prevent<br />
safety problems.<br />
Because of the large variation of water types, the secondary channels<br />
in the Gamerensche Waard offer suitable habitats for a wide range of<br />
species. How-ever, concerning the species composition according to<br />
the intended nature target type, it is clear that the secondary channels<br />
are not yet complete.<br />
The secondary channels in the Gamerensche Waard remained largely at<br />
their original location, although locally distinct (bank) erosion appeared.<br />
Regular visual inspection of the banks of secondary channels is and<br />
will be necessary in future.<br />
A slight improvement of the soil quality occurred, because the new<br />
sediments in the secondary channels consist mainly of (clean) sand.<br />
The sand (transport) turned out to be a much more outstanding factor<br />
than the silt (transport).<br />
A deep extraction pit as part of a secondary channel functions as a<br />
sediment catch indeed, but it does not seem to be necessary at all to<br />
prevent filling up with sand.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
*[[Media:Evaluatie_nevengeulen_Gamerensche_Waard_-.pdf |Evaluatie nevengeulen Gamerensche Waard (Dutch with summary in English) ]]<br><br />
*[[Media:Case_study_Gameren_powerpoint_aquatic_habitat_evaluation.pdf | Powerpoint (English) Habitat Evaluation Case study Gameren]]<br />
*[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rra.711/abstract Grift, R. E., Buijse, A. D., Van Densen, W. L. T., Machiels, M. A. M., Kranenbarg, J., Klein Breteler, J. G. P. and Backx, J. J. G. M. (2003), Suitable habitats for 0-group fish in rehabilitated floodplains along the lower River Rhine. River Research and Applications, 19: 353–374] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english, abstract)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="5" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="5" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Phytoplankton]][[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Bouxweerd_-_Artificial_poolBouxweerd - Artificial pool2010-12-17T10:35:38Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Bouxweerd - Artificial pool */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Bouxweerd - Artificial pool=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2358583535008" lon="6.00102424621582" zoom="14" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2358583535008, 6.00102424621582<br />
Old gravel pit filled with water<br />
(B) 51.243065, 5.999088<br />
Wetland forest<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.230117, 5.994831<br />
51.230468, 5.994600<br />
51.231545, 5.994296<br />
51.232411, 5.994930<br />
51.232934, 5.995643<br />
51.233308, 5.997338<br />
51.235118, 5.998314<br />
51.236463, 5.998714<br />
51.238121, 5.998742<br />
51.238426, 5.998609<br />
51.239315, 5.998853<br />
51.239534, 5.998754<br />
51.240855, 5.999001<br />
51.241465, 5.999101<br />
51.241708, 5.999314<br />
51.242445, 6.000018<br />
51.245634, 5.999426<br />
51.245543, 5.997917<br />
51.244721, 5.997960<br />
51.244480, 5.998269<br />
51.241937, 5.998224<br />
51.241119, 5.997833<br />
51.240855, 5.999001<br />
51.239534, 5.998754<br />
51.239655, 6.000097<br />
51.239625, 6.000608<br />
51.239408, 6.001160<br />
51.239432, 6.001663<br />
51.238937, 6.002047<br />
51.238104, 6.002405<br />
51.237703, 6.003238<br />
51.237241, 6.004114<br />
51.235507, 6.002619<br />
51.233735, 6.000740<br />
51.232653, 5.999359<br />
51.231809, 5.998122<br />
51.231060, 5.996721<br />
51.230616, 5.996014<br />
51.230117, 5.994831<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="186" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Bouxweerd is an area along the Meuse river. It consists of a floodplain with an artificial pool which was dug as a side-effect of the gravel mining in the area. The pool is characterized by limited water quality and botulism is a common threat to the fish during summer. To increase inundation in the area first an adjustable weir was installed. As this did not have the initial desired effect the canal flowing out of the area was later closed off completely to stop the area from drying out. In terms of biota the area is only interesting for wading birds. All other biota have developed relatively poorly, though macrophytes have increased somewhat since restoration was started.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Bouxweerd area is situated on the floodplain of the canalized Meuse river. Most of the area has seen a good deal of mining of both clay and gravel. The gravel mining started as early as the 1940's. A part of the area was filled up with sand and debris after the gravel was extracted. A gravel pit was also left behind however; this filled up with water and serves as an artificial pool which is characteristic to the area. In the northern part of the area a small wetland forest is situated. The forest is fed by upwelling groundwater. A ditch which was used for the hydro management of the area for agricultural use is situated near this forest.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
The large pool was dug for non-nature restorative reasons. It was a side-product of the economically profitable gravel mining. In 2003 measures were taken to ensure that the floodplain was inundated more often. A adjustable weir was installed in the ditch in 2003 to control the water flow from the wetland forest. Later on in 2008 it became apparent that the forest was still drying out and the ditch was closed off near the forest to avoid water loss. The weir was removed as it no longer served a function.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Not listed<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
A number of macrophytes were encountered in the river. In comparison to pre-project data there is an increase in macrophytes, however the overall results are disappointing. Research has shown that this is caused by the management choices in nearby grasslands which are aimed at geese. These geese graze on the macrophytes and thereby suppress both colonisation and development of a macrophyte community. The pool is devoid of macrophytes.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No known data.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
Fish were not monitored in the pool, however it is expected that it is not a suitable habitat for rare fish species. Some general fish are known to occur there. During summer the pool is known for fish dying due to anoxia and botulism.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry land flora====<br />
The dry land flora has developed relatively poorly since the project started. The characteristic upwelling forest has shown no signs of development. This can be explained by nearby sand excavations that accidentally dug through a soil layer which led to the severing of the upwelling in the area. The large amount of grazing by birds does not help the floral development either.<br />
<br />
====Breeding birds====<br />
The area shows remarkably high numbers of breeding birds, both regular as well as a few rare species. The area, in comparison with other areas, has a high species richness and diversity. Even though the water quality of the pool is bad it still serves as a feeding ground for the breeding birds. The shallow parts of the pool are home to a large number of insects which serve as a food source for the birds.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The flooding frequency of the pool is determined by a step in the dam that separates the pool from the river. On average the pool is inundated more then 100 days per year. This leads to sedimentation of the pool.<br />
The upwelling was severed due to sand excavation. In 2008 the ditch near the forest was closed off. The expectation is that this will stop the area from drying out and allow the re-occurrence of the upwelling. <br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The major morphological change in the area is the sedimentation of the pool due to inundation. The banks of the river are all fixated, leading to a lack of sediment input and bank formation. Sedimentation on banks and the dikes only takes place during high water peaks.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Floristic data was collected in 2007 for the Maas in Beeld project. Historical data exists in the form of two datasets by the regional authorities, one from 1988 and the other from 1998. These two datasets can serve as 0-monitoring datasets. Fish data has not been collected systematically and only scattered individual sightings are available for the area. The breeding birds have been monitored yearly from 1994 onward. Older data is available but often consists of sightings from local bird watchers. This data goes back as far as 1976.<br />
Hydromorphology has only been examined for the Maas in Beeld project in 2007.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational area; most of the area is accessible to the public for hiking and nature experience. This has been accommodated by constructing a bird watching cabin.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
Synergies exist with gravel and clay mining, which was at the source of the formation of the area in its current state. <br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Exact costs unknown<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Bouxweerd e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/Bouxweerd_lr.pdf Kurstjens G., Peters B. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Burea Drift, Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Berg & Dal/Beek-Ubbergen.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="186" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="186" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Connection to groundwater bodies]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=GamerenGameren2010-12-17T10:19:08Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Gameren */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Gameren=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.808164" lon="5.208592" zoom="15"><br />
(A) 51.80681, 5.203571 <br />
[[Image:Gameren_West_Channel.JPG|thumb]]<br />
west channel that flows 265 d.yr-1<br />
(B) 51.807235, 5.215073<br />
east channel that flows 100 d.yr-1<br />
(C) 51.805431, 5.207949<br />
south channel that flows 365 d.yr-1<br />
6#FFC57575 (#66C57575)<br />
51.805643, 5.195332<br />
51.804661, 5.200224<br />
51.803983, 5.206086<br />
51.804567, 5.21321<br />
51.805151, 5.216214<br />
51.806902, 5.219476<br />
51.809025, 5.221278<br />
51.809237, 5.216901<br />
51.808548, 5.208661<br />
51.80876, 5.202052<br />
51.809556, 5.196216<br />
51.80929, 5.193812<br />
51.805749, 5.195203<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="5" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Gameren_Oblique_view.jpg|thumb|left|View on side channel set of Floodplain "Gameren", downstream direction. Photo: Rijkswaterstaat (NL)]]<br />
<br />
<p>Under the authority of the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Eastern Netherlands division), the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment RIZA executed a monitoring program on secondary channels in the Gamerensche Waard. During the period 1996-2002 a broad and complete program was executed with three main objectives: 1) evaluation of the desired effects, 2) assessment of the undesirable side-effects (risks) and 3) increase of the knowledge about secondary channels.</p><br />
<p>In the period 1995-1999 three secondary channels were excavated in the Gamerensche Waard along the river Waal (the main side branch of the river Rhine). Regarding the dimensions, these channels are unique for Dutch rivers. These channels are digged out partly from former agricultural grassland and partly they ecxists of connected former sand and clay exctraction pits. The three secondary channels vary with regard to location (inside and outside the summer embankment), length (0.5-2 km), width, depth (0-20 m), discharge (1-3%) and the like. Just one of the channels is flowing permanently, the other two<br />
contain flowing water in respectively 4 and 11 months a year.</p><br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
====Hydrology====<br />
The monitoring period (1996-2002) was characterized by relatively<br />
high river discharges. Therefore the secondary channels were connected<br />
to the stream flow more frequently than planned. The total discharge<br />
of the three secondary channels is about 2% of the average river<br />
discharge. The maximum flow ve-locity in the secondary channels<br />
appeared at narrows; the strongest turbulences just downstream of<br />
those narrows. With low river discharges, a large influence of navigation<br />
on the flow velocity was visible in the channels; this led sometimes to<br />
a turnover of the flow direction. The discharge capacity of the Waal<br />
with high floods was not lowered significantly by the sedimentation in<br />
the secondary channels. The vegetation development led to only a<br />
minimal decrease of the discharge capacity of the river.<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
The predicted sedimentation in the main channel parallel to the<br />
Gamerensche Waard did indeed occur, but it appeared difficult to<br />
prove because of the inter-ference with slowly passing sand<br />
waves/dunes on the bottom of the Waal. The sedimentation resulting<br />
from the construction of the secondary channels was of the same order<br />
as the measurement uncertainty and the autonomous developments in<br />
the riverbed.<br />
Roughly no large morphological changes were measured in the secondary<br />
channels of the Gamerensche Waard. The erosion- and sedimentation<br />
rates in the first years after construction were larger than in the<br />
later years. Locally some clear (bank) erosion and sedimentation were<br />
recognized.<br />
It is expected that the former sand extraction pit will be filled up to the<br />
level of the rest of the channel around the year 2050 (net sedimentation<br />
rate is about 0.05 to 0.11 m/year).<br />
<br />
====Soil quality and ecological risks====<br />
The bed soil in the secondary channels consists mainly of sand (in the<br />
former sand extraction a mixture of silt and sand). The soil quality of<br />
the secondary channels has improved during the monitoring period<br />
(sedimentation of clean sand).<br />
Although the concentrations of toxic substances in the bottom are so<br />
high that negative ecological effects can be expected, the determined<br />
risks are not so high that these can block the ecological recovery<br />
seriously. These risks are gradually decreasing because the sediment<br />
becomes more and more sandy and this means also cleaner.<br />
There are no possibilities for (a cost-effective) extraction of the sediment<br />
due to the heterogeneous composition. Distribution of the sediment to<br />
elsewhere in the river system is possible due to the tolerable quality of<br />
the sediment.<br />
<br />
====Ecology, vegetation====<br />
The abundance of trees and bushes in the Gamerensche Waard is still<br />
limited because of the imperfect germination and establishment<br />
conditions: on the islands because of the dense grass cover and on the<br />
banks of the channels because of the large water level fluctuations.<br />
With regard to the floristic com-position, hardly any target species,<br />
Red-list species or protected species were found in or near the secondary<br />
channels. In spite of this, the floristic quality of the muddy banks of<br />
the channels is (very) good, but not exceptional in com-parison with<br />
other nature developments projects along the river Waal.<br />
In the biggest secondary channel in the Gamerensche Waard some<br />
small fields with aquatic vegetation were found in 2002 (''Myriophyllum''<br />
''spicatum'' and ''Potamogeton'' ''pectinatus'').<br />
<br />
====Ecology, macro invertebrats====<br />
In the secondary channels of the Gamerensche Waard about 75% of<br />
the recently recorded species of the river Rhine occurs. The species<br />
diversity of the secondary channels is much higher than in the groyne<br />
fields of the main channel. In the slow flowing parts of the secondary<br />
channels significantly less exotic species occur than in the main river<br />
bed.<br />
From the 46 (macroinvertebrate) target species, only 3 species were<br />
discovered in the secondary channels of the Gamerensche Waard. The<br />
absence of other target species can largely be attributed to the lacking of<br />
some specific habitats e.g. gravel, woody debris and aquatic vegetation.<br />
Those chironomid species that are characteristic for stable sandy flats<br />
recolonised the area quite fast.<br />
The sediment type, the water depth, the flow velocity, the<br />
morphodynamics, the organic matter content and the soil chemistry<br />
together determine the spe-cies composition of the macroinvertebrate<br />
community. All these factors are mutually strong dependent on each<br />
other; evident relations are difficult to prove. The highest species<br />
diversity occurs on silt or vegetation in shallow, slow flowing water<br />
with a limited erosion or sedimentation. These factors seem to be of a<br />
larger influence on the macroinvertebrate composition than the degree<br />
of soil pollution.<br />
<br />
====Ecology, fish====<br />
In the secondary channels of the Gamerensche Waard various reophilic<br />
fish species (preference for flowing water) were found, including five<br />
target species (''Barbus barbus'', ''Leuciscus cephalus'', ''Chondrostoma nasus'', ''Leuciscus idus'' and ''Lampetra fluviatilis''). For these reophilic fish<br />
the secondary channels function mainly as a growing up area during<br />
their earliest stages of life. Later on they migrate to the main channel.<br />
The most reophilic fish enters the secondary channels passively by<br />
means of larval drift.<br />
<br />
====Conclusions relating to navigation/shipping, Safety, Ecological restoration and management====<br />
Problems for navigation were not detected in spite of the slight<br />
sedimentation in the main channel, which is a result of the construction<br />
of the secondary channels. The sedimentation as a result of the<br />
secondary channels interferes with other large-scale ’autonomous’<br />
processes. Consequently one should al-ways bear in mind the<br />
temporal fluctuations in bed level. Inland navigation was not hindered<br />
by (cross) currents at the in- or outlet of the channels.<br />
The increase of the river discharge capacity resulting from the<br />
construction of secondary channels was annulled for a small part (± 15%)<br />
by the sedimentation in the bed of the channels and by the bush<br />
encroachment elsewhere in the Gamerensche Waard. At this moment<br />
dredging or digging the secondary chan-nels in order to maintain the<br />
flowing character of the channels is not needed.<br />
At one location local bank erosion required intervention to prevent<br />
safety problems.<br />
Because of the large variation of water types, the secondary channels<br />
in the Gamerensche Waard offer suitable habitats for a wide range of<br />
species. How-ever, concerning the species composition according to<br />
the intended nature target type, it is clear that the secondary channels<br />
are not yet complete.<br />
The secondary channels in the Gamerensche Waard remained largely at<br />
their original location, although locally distinct (bank) erosion appeared.<br />
Regular visual inspection of the banks of secondary channels is and<br />
will be necessary in future.<br />
A slight improvement of the soil quality occurred, because the new<br />
sediments in the secondary channels consist mainly of (clean) sand.<br />
The sand (transport) turned out to be a much more outstanding factor<br />
than the silt (transport).<br />
A deep extraction pit as part of a secondary channel functions as a<br />
sediment catch indeed, but it does not seem to be necessary at all to<br />
prevent filling up with sand.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
*[[Media:Evaluatie_nevengeulen_Gamerensche_Waard_-.pdf |Evaluatie nevengeulen Gamerensche Waard (Dutch with summary in English) ]]<br><br />
*[[Media:Case_study_Gameren_powerpoint_aquatic_habitat_evaluation.pdf | Powerpoint (English) Habitat Evaluation Case study Gameren]]<br />
*[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rra.711/abstract Grift et al., 2003 River Research & Applications 19:353–374] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english, abstract)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="5" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="5" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Phytoplankton]][[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Buiten_Ooij_-_Sluice_operationBuiten Ooij - Sluice operation2010-07-29T10:30:29Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Buiten Ooij - Sluice operation */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Buiten Ooij - Sluice operation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.8592134588881" lon="5.89519500732422" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.853855, 5.893547<br />
Oude Waal, cut off meander<br />
(B) 51.851921, 5.886009<br />
Sluice<br />
(C) 51.861258, 5.890021<br />
Vlietberg, high water refuge area<br />
(D) 51.853999, 5.889148<br />
Sand pit<br />
4#75FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.858658, 5.886043<br />
51.860109, 5.891045<br />
51.859850, 5.891913<br />
51.860119, 5.892964<br />
51.860473, 5.893256<br />
51.860871, 5.893448<br />
51.861404, 5.895073<br />
51.862794, 5.893511<br />
51.863090, 5.892730<br />
51.863085, 5.892035<br />
51.865259, 5.892063<br />
51.865691, 5.892700<br />
51.866495, 5.896605<br />
51.866703, 5.897182<br />
51.867039, 5.897454<br />
51.867653, 5.897706<br />
51.868013, 5.898775<br />
51.868695, 5.898631<br />
51.869071, 5.899131<br />
51.869445, 5.900037<br />
51.869464, 5.900793<br />
51.869167, 5.901273<br />
51.868284, 5.901555<br />
51.867607, 5.902289<br />
51.866285, 5.901764<br />
51.865859, 5.901673<br />
51.864226, 5.901879<br />
51.863901, 5.901752<br />
51.862842, 5.901765<br />
51.861933, 5.902283<br />
51.857176, 5.901024<br />
51.856749, 5.901031<br />
51.856084, 5.901566<br />
51.855508, 5.901240<br />
51.855331, 5.900004<br />
51.854740, 5.899305<br />
51.854306, 5.898676<br />
51.853119, 5.897832<br />
51.852459, 5.896808<br />
51.852609, 5.895502<br />
51.852091, 5.893922<br />
51.851637, 5.891072<br />
51.851254, 5.890131<br />
51.851297, 5.888786<br />
51.850858, 5.887363<br />
51.850856, 5.885994<br />
51.851513, 5.885907<br />
51.851991, 5.886064<br />
51.852506, 5.885726<br />
51.853300, 5.886127<br />
51.853424, 5.885877<br />
51.853694, 5.884850<br />
51.854921, 5.885539<br />
51.856114, 5.885827<br />
51.858535, 5.886037<br />
51.858658, 5.886043<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="209" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The floodplain of Buiten Ooij is artificially flooded by opening the sluice during high water tables and closing it to trap the water in the area between the summer and the winter dyke. The effects of this measure on the BQEs differ. Macrophytes may be affected, but due to a community collapse just prior to the start of the sluice experiment it is hard to determine this. Fish and benthic invertebrates appear to be positively affected by the measure. This measure is easy and cheap, but it does not address all pressures acting on the area. As such plans are under way to further restore the area by lowering the floodplain and digging side channels.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Buiten Ooij is a floodplain area along the river Waal, a major tributary of the Rhine in the Netherlands. The area is part of a larger nature area, the Geldersche Poort. The area is situated between the summer and the winter dyke. In the area there are a number of pools that originated from historical gravel and sand mining pits. A remainder of an old river arm, the Oude Waal, is located in the south-west corner of the area. This old arm is permanently filled with water, but not connected to the current river. The summer dyke around the area was constructed in multiple phases, leading to differences in height in comparison to the water level. It is also outfitted with a sluice which was historically used to let in water during peak discharges. The dyke is higher on north-eastern part of the area. Flooding of the area is rare; an active water flow through the area is even rarer due to the height differences in the summer dyke. This leads to an unnatural situation in the floodplain where flooding occurs only sporadically and incompletely.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To improve flooding of the area and stimulate the formation of floodplain marshland an experiment was started with letting water into the area through the sluice during winter and closing the sluice during summer to retain the water in the area. This was both a cheap and easy way to improve the inundation of the area. This measure by no means fully removes the pressures acting upon the system, but it is a first step. Plans are being made to further improve the area by means of floodplain lowering and active side channel constructions.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The project was carried out as an experiment, no clear success criteria were formulated though the goal was to create wet natural habitat.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
In 1999 the coverage of macrophytes was quite high. The current situation shows a very different image with only sporadic occurrences of macrophytes in the area. This would suggest that the macrophytes have been negatively affected by the measure. Data from monitoring in 2005 shows that this conclusion is a tad too easy. The macrophytes in the area show a collapse in 2005 and a (nearly) complete absence in 2006. As this collapse occurred prior to the sluice operation experiment it seems unlikely that the project has anything to do with the difference in macrophytes observed between the present day situation and the historical data (1999). If there has been a positive effect or not is difficult to say definitively, however macrophytes have increased in the area since 2006. The area has an 'acceptable' Ecological Quality in WFD terms. This is mostly caused by the low species diversity and relatively low abundance of macrophytes.<br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
The benthic invertebrates show a significantly higher abundance and species richness than they do in the main channel. This leads to the conclusion that the wet floodplain is a suitable habitat for benthic invertebrates. These invertebrates in turn serve as food for both fish and water birds, leading to the expectation that in due time those groups will also be positively affected.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
The (near-)stagnant water bodies of the area form excellent breeding and mating grounds for fish. Especially the areas where macrophytes are present show a good deal of limnophilic species. The presence of spawning and rearing habitat is vital to the structural presence of fish species. The first indicators are there that the measure is positively affecting the fish population in the river Waal.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
There has not been any monitoring of hydromorphology. It should be noted that it is known that the area is affected by sedimentation of the floodplain and water bodies. This sedimentation takes place at a rate which is fairly standard for Waal floodplains (1-2 cm/year). This sedimentation may become a problem in time. To avoid this plans are being developed to lower the floodplain by digging off the top soil.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Some pre-project data on macrophytes exists, both in the form of a monitoring survey (1999 & 2005) and a number of aerial photographs that show the macrophyte coverage (property of Rijkswaterstaat). For benthic invertebrates and fish no pre-project data was found. <br />
The post-project monitoring was carried out in the Rijn in Beeld project. Macrophytes, fish and benthic invertebrates were collected and identified. The project is a cooperation between nature organisations, Dienst Landelijk Gebied, Staatsbosbeheer, Rijkswaterstaat and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food quality.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
None<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
Some hiking routes around the area exist. To protect the delicate system the area itself is not accessible for recreation.<br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Project costs are next to non-existent as the sluice was already in place and all that has been required is changing the time that it is opened and closed. It should be noted that the costs of the floodplain lands, that previously had agricultural purpose, is not considered in this reasoning. If the buying of those lands is to be included with the project costs the costs are significantly higher.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Gerrit van Scherrenburg, Staatsbosbeheer [mailto:g.scherrenburg@staatsbosbeheer.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Buiten%20Ooij e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/virtuallessons/landscape/ooij/ Virtual Classroom Nijmegen University: Ooijpolder] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.wildernis.eu/pdf/NL/Waal/Ontwikkeling%20Buiten%20Ooij%20lowres.pdf Historical background research of Buiten Ooij] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0XcSQagtHU Video of the Ooijpolder] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://rijninbeeld.nl/wp-content/uploads/Inventarisatierapportage-natte-overstromingsvlakte-2009-eindversie27januari2010.pdf Kurstjens G., Kessels N. van, Dorenbosch M., Peters B. & Geest G. van; 2010. Rijn in Beeld: De natuur van de natte overstromingsvlakte: de Oude Waal bij Nijmegen: inventarisatie 2009. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies/Beek-Ubbergen, Bureau Drift/Berg & Dal en Bureau Natuurbalans/Limes Divergens BV. Nijmegen.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/Natuurgebieden/Gelderse%20Poort/~/media/Gelderse%20Poort/Inrichtingsplan_Buiten_Ooij.ashx Kurstjens G., Overmars W. & Winden A. van; 2008. Inrichtingsplan Buiten Ooij, Oude Waal en Stadswaard bij Nijmegen. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies/Beek-Ubbergen. In opdracht van Staatsbosbeheer Regio Oost, district Rivierenland.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="209" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="209" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Klebach_-_Side_channelKlebach - Side channel2010-07-29T10:27:29Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Klebach - Side channel */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Klebach - Side channel=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="46.776508194405" lon="13.3466613292694" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 46.776508194405, 13.3466613292694<br />
Side channel<br />
4#75FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
46.775464, 13.345692<br />
46.775550, 13.345998<br />
46.775689, 13.346299<br />
46.776098, 13.346702<br />
46.776423, 13.346961<br />
46.776886, 13.347333<br />
46.777312, 13.347618<br />
46.777664, 13.347864<br />
46.777982, 13.347863<br />
46.778159, 13.347874<br />
46.777493, 13.347205<br />
46.776945, 13.346750<br />
46.776538, 13.346442<br />
46.776104, 13.346050<br />
46.775909, 13.345875<br />
46.775478, 13.345680<br />
46.775464, 13.345692<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="203" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
In the Drava river, near the village of Klebach, a side channel was dug in previously agricultural land. This side channel allows for more natural processes to take place. The aggregation of the side channel has taken place as was hoped, however due to high floods the aggregation is less then originally expected. The fish and macrophytes at the site benefit from the measure. However, the WFD status for the fish is still labelled as poor, despite the efforts. This can be explained by the scale of the measure compared to the scale of pressures on the system. Downstream of the site there are a number of hydro-power plants in the river, to name one such pressure that this site-specific measure has not addressed.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Drava river (also known as Drau river in German) is a 6<sup>th</sup> order stream. At the project site, in the Upper Drava Valley, it forms the boundary between the Crystalline of the Central- and the Limestone Alps. The site of the project is located near the village of Klebach in Austria. From this point onward the Drava has a discharge basin of roughly 2500 km<sup>2</sup>. The average flow of the river near the site is 76m<sup>3</sup>/s. The river at the site was historically braided with gravel banks in the channel. <br />
The Drava river has been largely regulated from the 1930 onward in the area. Banks were fixated and meanders straightened out. Lateral connection with the floodplains and side arms was removed and these areas found new use as agricultural or forestry lands. In-channel gravel banks were removed artificially or through the changes in hydrology caused by the other alterations to the river. Downstream of the side a number of hydro-power plants were constructed, these significantly disrupted longitudinal connectivity of the river. At the same time these plants do produce 'green' energy for large parts of the surrounding areas.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
The Waterauthority of the province of Carinthia in Austria, in an effort to restore some of the natural regime and ecology of the Drava, dug a side channel near the village of Klebach. This side channel was situated on the right hand side of the river in what was formerly agricultural land. On the left hand side groins were erected in hopes of keeping the entrance to the side channel open. Also, these groins were meant to initiate morphological variability in the river. The side channel itself was more then 300m in length and was originally build in two parts. This means that water was also able to enter/exit the channel about half way along it, creating what is best described as an artificial attempt at a braided river. The island that was created by the measure was the remainder of the old river bank with its old vegetation still intact.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The aims of the project were to:<br />
*stop degradation<br />
*initiate a changing river morphology<br />
*diversify the spatial variability of flow velocity and sediment grain sizes<br />
*restore an ecologically sound environment (in the form of habitat structures)<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
Not monitored<br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
The benthic invertebrates were measured in the main and in the side channel. Due to lower shear stresses in the side channel the invertebrates had both higher population densities and species diversity than in the main channel. Part of this was also attributed to algal growth in the side channel which served as a habitat for the benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
Fish species were shown to have significantly higher population densities in the side channel. The side channel was shown to serve as a hatching ground for many fish species. Also, two rheophilic fish species were found at the site, indicating it as an important spawning ground for rheophilic species. Despite these positive effects long term analysis has shown that the fish ecological status is still labelled as Poor by WFD standards. None the less, it has improved compared to the parts of the river where no restoration has taken place. One of the reasons for the Poor status of the area may be related to the scale of the measure compared to the pressures influencing the river. The downstream hydropeaking and longitudinal disruption of the connectivity remain unaltered by the local measure of the side channel.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
In one year the plant species diversity at the site increased from 48 species to 100 species. Another year later the species diversity had increased to 118 species in total. A form of stabilisation was taking place, likely caused by the gravel bars and islands being just above the average water table. This leads to disturbance during high water and floods, which in turn sets back the succession and thus keeps the system in a fairly pioneer-like succession stage. None the less, the measure has increased the plant diversity in the area.<br />
====Birds====<br />
A total of 40 different bird species were observed in the area; 8 of these are red-list species in Austria. The birds primarily use the gravel bars and the vegetation structures on it for resting and eating. This type of habitat is largely absent in the surrounding area, making it attractive for birds that pass through the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrology of the site has not been monitored specifically. However, the digging of a side channel has the obvious effect of taking part of the flow from the main channel and directing it into the side channel. Also, small changes in flow speed at the project site can be expected.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
Due to the lack of bank fixation morphological processes have been partially restored. During normal flow aggradation of the side channel and banks occurred. However, during high flow the groins on the left side of the banks weren't capable of forcing the line of major flow to the side channel. This in turn has led to a degradation of the channel which leads to a preservation of aggradation of roughly 50%. This means that there is a net sedimentation in the channel, as was the aim of the project. The grain size in the main channel has been unaffected. At local scale the grain size in both the side channel and between the groins has shown variability.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Pre-project monitoring has been absent in the area. Instead, space-for-time substitutes were used to discover the effect of the measure. Either the main, or nearby unrestored reaches of the channel were used as pre-restoration reference conditions. Most of the short term investigations on the site were carried out by the Institute for Water Management, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering seated at the University for Natural Resources of Vienna. From 1999 to 2003 data on fish was collected at the site for a LIFE+ EU project.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
No conflicts or synergies are known.<br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Unknown<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Wasserwirtschaft Kärnten [mailto:post.abt18@ktn.gv.at?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Klebach e-mail], Tel.: 050 536-31802 <sub>(Austria)</sub><br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [http://www.boku.ac.at/hfa/files/rivermanagement/Publikationen/Muhar_et_al_GBR2007.pdf <b>Peer-reviewed paper: </b>Muhar, S., M. Jungwirth, G. Unfer, C. Wiesner, M. Poppe, S. Schmutz, S. Hohensinner and H. Habersack, 2008. Restoring riverine landscapes at the Drau River: successes and deficits in the context of ecological integrity. In: Habersack H., H. Piègay and M. Rinaldi (Eds.), Gravel-bed Rivers VI – From Process Understanding to River Restoration, Developments in Earth Surface Processes, Elsevier, 779–803.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
* [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113395118/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 <b>Peer-reviewed paper: </b>Habersack H. & Nachtnebel H.P. (1995) Short-term effects of local river restoration on morphology, flow field, substrate and biota. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 10, 291-301.] <sub>(<i>type:</i> abstract; <i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="203" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="203" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=V%C3%A9n_Duna_-_side_arm_reopeningVén Duna - side arm reopening2010-07-13T08:28:38Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Vén Duna - side arm reopening */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Vén Duna - side arm reopening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="46.2124769066052" lon="18.9001750946045" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 46.218668, 18.904739<br />
Location of the dam that was removed in the project<br />
4#70FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
46.220410, 18.9043504<br />
46.219156, 18.9035637<br />
46.218012, 18.9031654<br />
46.217193, 18.9024607<br />
46.216320, 18.9015990<br />
46.214302, 18.9004201<br />
46.213266, 18.8997879<br />
46.213429, 18.8987729<br />
46.213647, 18.8981496<br />
46.213646, 18.8974402<br />
46.212502, 18.8961838<br />
46.210812, 18.8957794<br />
46.206938, 18.8948981<br />
46.204811, 18.8949021<br />
46.201923, 18.8954613<br />
46.200674, 18.8964156<br />
46.199366, 18.8982274<br />
46.198546, 18.8997208<br />
46.197074, 18.9027132<br />
46.196374, 18.9044551<br />
46.196111, 18.9087910<br />
46.196428, 18.9111456<br />
46.196645, 18.9128770<br />
46.197051, 18.9162694<br />
46.197265, 18.9187066<br />
46.196974, 18.9209887<br />
46.196643, 18.9221707<br />
46.197514, 18.9222492<br />
46.198502, 18.9219328<br />
46.200577, 18.9205927<br />
46.201661, 18.9194105<br />
46.204661, 18.9169675<br />
46.206244, 18.9153146<br />
46.207494, 18.9146805<br />
46.210166, 18.9132653<br />
46.212072, 18.9115297<br />
46.213435, 18.9109759<br />
46.215560, 18.9089238<br />
46.217523, 18.9075794<br />
46.219485, 18.9060025<br />
46.219921, 18.9052149<br />
46.220410, 18.9043504<br />
<br />
<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="28" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
The Vén-Duna sidearm is situated in the Gemenc Floodplain of the Danube river, a nature reserve area. The hydrological flow of the sidearm was severed by the construction of a rock dam. At the same time siltation of the sidearm started due to deepening of the Danube river. This lead to an up-filling which further hampered natural flow conditions. The removal of the dam led to an increase in erosion of both the channel and the banks. The flow through the sidearm was restored. The phytoplankton showed a decrease in diversity, but the species composition was typical for the created habitat. The benthic invertebrates flourished and rheophilic species recolonized Vén-Duna. Fish species composition became more like that of the Danube which can be seen as evidence of a good connection between the sidearm and the main river channel.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Vén-Duna sidearm is a water body located in the Gemenc floodplain, a nature reserve on the Danube river. The sidearm was largely blocked off by an artificial rock dam. This dam isolated the Vén-Duna sidearm during low and average flow conditions. It was build to improve navigation on the Danube. During high water levels in the Danube main channel the rock dam allowed water to flow into the sidearm through a small opening. This led to exceptionally high flow speeds near the dam. The flow speed decreased further downstream, but a well defined through-flow was still apparent. An up-filling of the side arm took place at the same time. The sidearm was characterized by periods of extremely bad water quality, caused by the hydrological isolation. Also, the flora and fauna were changing from rheophilic species towards stagnant water species. The forest surrounding the arm has undergone significant changes in the last decades due to an increase in logging and forestry industrial pressure. The hardwood oak (<i>Quercus</i> forests have largely been replaced by artificial plantations of <i>Populus</i> trees, a fast growing softwood species.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
The selected measure taken was to remove the rock dam which was causing the (partial) hydrological isolation of the sidearm water body. This measure was selected based on analyses made by Hungarian and Dutch experts in the field. By reopening the side arm the rheophilic species are expected to recover and the biodiversity of the system as a whole is expected to increase. Also the hope was to stop the seasonal deterioration in water quality due to the lack of flow in the arm. The measure was also carried out as a means of testing the effects of it on a system so that it may serve as an example for similar future restoration projects.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The goal of the project was to rehabilitate the side arm for both hydromorphology as well as ecology; recovery of the rheophilic species and restoration of flow through the sidearm channel being main success criteria. However, perhaps more important was the goal to study the effects of the taken measure so that future restoration projects may benefit from this knowledge.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Phytoplankton===<br />
Prior to restoration the phytoplankton showed clear divergence from the main channel of the Danube. After restoration however this difference in species composition disappeared. This is logical as the sidearm became directly connected to and started to show similar conditions as the main channel in terms of flow speed and chemical water composition. The phytoplankton found after restoration is typical for the channel type.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
The restoration led to a recolonization of rheophilic benthic invertebrate species. Also, the overal biodiversity increased after the measure was implemented. Prior to the measure the site was characterized by stagnant water species.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
The fish data collected on the sidearm is hard to interpreter due to changes in sampling method throughout the years of monitoring. What has been shown is that the fish species and species composition of the side arm has become more similar to that of the Danube. An increase in rheophilic species is also observed in fish. Whether the measure has led to an increase or decrease in fish is difficult to say as the baseline value collected for the fish species diversity in the Danube main channel is remarkably low. This is in contrast to species diversity indicated by local fishermen. If the number of fish in the Danube is used as an indicator for the number of fish in the sidearm then it should be concluded that the relative fish diversity has decreased since the measure was implemented. However, at the same time the absolute fish diversity has increased in both the Danube and the sidearm since the measure was implemented. The only sure conclusion is that the fish were influenced by the measure in terms of species composition (more rheophilic) and that their diversity shows a higher degree of similarity to the Danube river then it did prior to the measure.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
*<b>Flow conditions:</b> The through-flow in the channel was improved by the removal of the dam. Prior to its removal the sidearm water body was stagnant during all but high flow conditions in the main channel of the Danube. After the implementation of the measure the sidearm showed clear signs of flow during much lower discharges of the main channel then before.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
*<b>Sediment composition:</b> A change in the bed sediment composition near the site of the former dam took place as a result of this measure. Upstream of the dam a coarsening of sediment was observed, while downstream the sediment became finer then it was prior to the removal of the dam. <br />
*<b>Sedimentation processes:</b> Upstream of the dam the erosion processes started to play a more significant role due to the restoration of flow conditions. This resulted in a deepening of the riverbed and erosion of the banks. The majority of the suspended bed load was transported out of the sidearm and into the main channel, leading to a net erosion in the Vén-Duna. During high flood events large amounts of sandy sediment were deposited just beyond the relatively narrow opening made by the removal of the rock dam.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
The measure effects were monitored intensively as part of the project. A baseline pre-project monitoring was done just prior to the removal of the rock dam. After the removal annual or biannual monitoring was done for hydromorphological variables (flow rate, sediment deposition, bed material composition). This was carried out by ''Eötvös József College (EJC)'', Baja. Also, fish and benthic invertebrates were monitored on an annual basis. Chemical and phytoplankton analyses were also carried out. These measurements were collected and summarized by ''VITUKI''.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
At the start of the project it was unclear if the project would influence navigation on the adjacent river Danube. Measurements conducted up to three years after the implementation do not show any affect on flow direction of the Danube. Neither the inflow into the sidearm nor the backflow into the Danube seem to have significant affects on the flow direction or flow speed.<br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Exact costs unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Béla Csányi, VITUKI, [mailto:csanyi@vituki.hu?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Vén-Duna e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[[Media:Csányi_1997_1998.pdf | Csányi B., 1998. BASE-LINE SURVEY IN THE GEMENC PROTECTED LANDSCAPE AREA:<br />
hydrological, morphological, water quality and ecological data of the Vén-Duna, River Danube and Nyéki-Holt-Duna in 1997-1998, prior to restoration. Project number: RI-2314]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
*[[Media:Csányi_1998.pdf | Csányi B., 1998. MONITORING IN THE GEMENC PROTECTED LANDSCAPE AREA:<br />
hydrological, morphological, water quality and ecological data of the Vén-Duna and River Danube in 1998, after reopening the dam. Project number: RI-2314]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
*[[Media:Csányi_1999.pdf | Csányi B., 1999. MONITORING IN THE GEMENC PROTECTED LANDSCAPE AREA:<br />
Hydrological, morphological water quality and ecological data of the Vén-Duna and River Danube in 1999, one year after reopening the dam. Project number: RI-2314]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
*[[Media:Csányi_2000.pdf | Csányi B., 2000. MONITORING IN THE GEMENC PROTECTED LANDSCAPE AREA:<br />
Hydrological, morphological water quality and ecological data of the Vén-Duna and River Danube in 2000, two years after reopening the dam. Project number: RI-2314]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:P41to43_ecrrbrochure.pdf | ECRR brochure, 2008. Pages 41 - 42, Hungary: Vén-Duna sidearm project; Lelystad.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Csányi_2001.pdf | Csányi B. & L. Rákóczi, 2001. FINAL REPORT on the MONITORING IN THE GEMENC PROTECTED LANDSCAPE AREA: Hydrological, morphological, water quality and ecological monitoring of the Vén-Duna and River Danube between 1997-2000. Project number: RI-2314.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="28" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="28" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]] [[Category:Phytoplankton]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Uilenkamp_-_Meander_reconnectionUilenkamp - Meander reconnection2010-07-13T08:15:08Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Uilenkamp - Meander reconnection */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Uilenkamp - Meander reconnection=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="52.5282323822381" lon="6.56360149383545" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 52.5282323822381, 6.56360149383545<br />
Reconnected meander<br />
4#70FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
52.525775, 6.5664459<br />
52.525865, 6.5661823<br />
52.525956, 6.5658053<br />
52.526184, 6.5652392<br />
52.526459, 6.5647105<br />
52.526529, 6.5642574<br />
52.526713, 6.5636159<br />
52.527127, 6.5632385<br />
52.527518, 6.5629750<br />
52.527862, 6.5629754<br />
52.528298, 6.5633149<br />
52.528620, 6.5637294<br />
52.528780, 6.5641067<br />
52.529010, 6.5647488<br />
52.529354, 6.5660322<br />
52.529630, 6.5673534<br />
52.529882, 6.5686746<br />
52.529997, 6.5700335<br />
52.530020, 6.5708247<br />
52.529973, 6.5714257<br />
52.529698, 6.5714248<br />
52.529469, 6.5707104<br />
52.529170, 6.5697313<br />
52.528964, 6.5690518<br />
52.528298, 6.5681437<br />
52.527977, 6.5676542<br />
52.527541, 6.5673137<br />
52.526990, 6.5669366<br />
52.526394, 6.5666724<br />
52.525890, 6.5666719<br />
52.525775, 6.5664459<br />
<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="208" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Vecht river has served as a shipping route in the past. Nowadays it is no longer used for this commercial function. This has made it possible to go from a deep, straightened river to a more natural situation. A first step in this direction was taken by the local water authority with funding of the EU Interreg project. The site of Uilenkamp is a meander that was cut off at the start of the last century to make the Vecht river more suitable for navigation. The banks of the river were fixated and the channel straightened and deepened. This has led to an unnatural channel with relatively few chances for biota to flourish due to the lack of habitat diversity.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To reintroduce natural dynamics and create a more natural river the old meander of Uilenkamp was reconnected to the river Vecht. Bank fixation was removed along the (former) main channel and used to construct a dam that blocks of the main channel during normal flow conditions. This forces the main flow through the reconnected meander and allows for natural processes such as erosion to take place. During peak flows and high water conditions the dam is flooded and water can also flow through the former channel. This measure has led to an increase in river length of 1 km, which leads to increased water retention in dry periods. Also, the water storage capacity of the area was increase. Part of this was done by lowering a nearby floodplain (formerly agricultural land) and digging a number of pools in the area.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
*Reintroduction of natural processes<br />
*Increased water retention<br />
*Preservation of flood protection for surrounding areas<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The macrophytes have developed quite well at the site. No historical reference has been determined, leading to a limited knowledge of the reference condition of the site. However, it can be stated that the vegetation shows more diversity in species than nearby, unaltered, sites. Despite this improvement it should be stated that the development of reed-like vegetation has been largely absent. This can be explained by the unnatural water level fluctuations in the river. This leads to the banks being flooded during the germination season of the vegetation, thus making it impossible for the plants to colonise the banks successfully. <br />
The phytobenthos, in the form of diatoms, shows no characteristic or rare species. Analysis shows that the species that occur in the channel are indicative of eutrophic water.<br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
The benthic invertebrates are largely non-rheophilic species. Some rheophelic, and thus characteristic species for the current situation, do occur in the channel but only during spring. This is caused by the stagnation of the water flow during summer due to the operation of weirs in the river system. This leads to an unnatural but agriculturally desirable system. To further improve the system for rheophilic species a different hydrological regime is needed.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
Not monitored<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Dragonflies====<br />
A number of dragon fly species were found in the area. The new channel is home to brood of a number of these species, indicating colonisation of the channel. The bank of the old channel are poor in dragonflies due to the lack of diversity in the vegetation. Overall an increase in dragonfly species diversity was found in the meander compared to the former channel.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
Though hydromorphological response has not been studied intensively some general observations can be presented.<br />
<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrology of the river has changed in the sense that the water retention has been improved and that the storage capacity of the system was increased by lowering the nearby floodplain. This, in turn, improved the lateral connectivity and the inundation of the floodplain area. The unnatural water level fluctuations and stagnation of the water flow are the major hydrological pressures acting upon the system, and they persist still.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
Erosion and sedimentation has begun in the side channel and is creating a more natural river. Characteristic bank faces have formed which serve as habitat for numerous biota. The variation in river depth has increased and the channel bed is taking on a more natural form and dimension now that it is no longer fixated.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
The project has not been monitored prior to the implementation of the project. In 2005 and 2006 data on both benthic invertebrates and macrophytes was collected by Klink Ecological Advisory under contract by the local water authority Velt & Vecht. In 2005 the study included dragonflies and in 2006 diatoms were monitored.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
The project is an example of recycling on site material for the restoration project. The dam that was build in the former main channel was constructed by using the bank fixation which was removed as part of the project. <br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Unknown<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Jan van der Molen, Waterschap Velt & Vecht, [mailto:J.vd.Molen@veltenvecht.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Uilenkamp e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.veltenvecht.nl/projecten/de_uilenkamp Project website Velt & Vecht] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [http://www.klinkhydrobiologie.nl/153Analyse%20Ov.%20Vecht%202005.pdf Klink, A., 2005 Overijsselse Vecht Uilenkamp. Monitoring macrofauna, libellen en diatomeeën 2005 Adviesburo Klink Analyserapport 153: 10 pp.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [http://www.klinkhydrobiologie.nl/99%20Ov.%20Vecht%202006.pdf Klink, A., 2007 Overijsselse Vecht Uilenkamp. Monitoring macrofauna, hogere planten en diatomeeën 2006 Adviesburo Klink Rap. Med. 99: 13 pp. + bijl.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [http://www.veltenvecht.nl/aspx/download.aspx?File=/contents/pages/2042/uilenkampbruchtvznederlands2006mei2007laag1voor-enachterkant.pdf Waterschap Velt & Vecht, Brochure Uilenkamp] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="208" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="208" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Vreugderijkerwaard_-_Side_channelVreugderijkerwaard - Side channel2010-07-13T08:14:17Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Vreugderijkerwaard - Side channel */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Vreugderijkerwaard - Side channel=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="52.5180489155406" lon="6.02359771728516" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 52.5180489155406, 6.02359771728516<br />
Side channel flowing through Vreugderijkerwaard<br />
4#70FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
52.52668, 6.0207874<br />
52.52648, 6.0207496<br />
52.52569, 6.0198025<br />
52.52491, 6.0190426<br />
52.52463, 6.0185871<br />
52.52377, 6.0177145<br />
52.52287, 6.0169558<br />
52.52211, 6.0165008<br />
52.52102, 6.0163116<br />
52.52058, 6.0160841<br />
52.51973, 6.0160847<br />
52.51908, 6.0160850<br />
52.51813, 6.0163512<br />
52.51753, 6.0165793<br />
52.51640, 6.0172636<br />
52.51541, 6.0182899<br />
52.51444, 6.0195813<br />
52.51326, 6.0212709<br />
52.51250, 6.0229061<br />
52.51171, 6.0249950<br />
52.51072, 6.0269690<br />
52.51053, 6.0278077<br />
52.50991, 6.0300634<br />
52.50986, 6.0305944<br />
52.51042, 6.0315043<br />
52.51051, 6.0319223<br />
52.51072, 6.0311629<br />
52.51191, 6.0296847<br />
52.51252, 6.0291885<br />
52.51301, 6.0288450<br />
52.51352, 6.0286917<br />
52.51405, 6.0286532<br />
52.51479, 6.0287280<br />
52.51513, 6.0287289<br />
52.51532, 6.0282736<br />
52.51569, 6.0280844<br />
52.51596, 6.0278190<br />
52.51622, 6.0278573<br />
52.51663, 6.0280859<br />
52.51691, 6.0281234<br />
52.51714, 6.0279328<br />
52.51774, 6.0273643<br />
52.51834, 6.0267934<br />
52.51857, 6.0265274<br />
52.51889, 6.0262235<br />
52.51903, 6.0259198<br />
52.51945, 6.0256159<br />
52.52017, 6.0253118<br />
52.52056, 6.0250460<br />
52.52072, 6.0253877<br />
52.52091, 6.0252739<br />
52.52100, 6.0251599<br />
52.52114, 6.0251219<br />
52.52178, 6.0252358<br />
52.52227, 6.0251592<br />
52.52252, 6.0249690<br />
52.52282, 6.0248167<br />
52.52275, 6.0243233<br />
52.52259, 6.0238677<br />
52.52250, 6.0230319<br />
52.52257, 6.0226898<br />
52.52317, 6.0227275<br />
52.52379, 6.0228031<br />
52.52423, 6.0228028<br />
52.52437, 6.0228787<br />
52.52421, 6.0236767<br />
52.52474, 6.0239044<br />
52.52521, 6.0241321<br />
52.52546, 6.0242460<br />
52.52583, 6.0242077<br />
52.52631, 6.0237515<br />
52.52678, 6.0231054<br />
52.52724, 6.0226492<br />
52.52673, 6.0215856<br />
52.52689, 6.0215475<br />
52.52698, 6.0212814<br />
52.52698, 6.0210153<br />
52.52668, 6.0207874<br />
<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="185" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
In the Vreugderijkerwaard, a floodplain located near the city of Zwolle along the IJssel river a side channel was constructed. The side channel has reintroduced river dynamics, though the flow through the channel is artificially limited. Erosion and sedimentation of the banks of the side channel is possible and occurs. Ecological response appears quite good, though it is hard to make a definitive judgement as no monitoring plan was set up at the start of the project. Despite this, the studies carried out in the area all sketch a positive image for species diversity in the area.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Vreugderijkerwaard is a floodplain situated on the river IJssel, a tributary of the Rhine in the Netherlands. The area is characterized by a number of river dunes, which are a rare occurrence for the Netherlands. Since 1982 the area has been subjected to extensive grazing to preserve and develop the rivePart of the area, namely the river dune part, has been the property of a nature conservation organisation since 1962. This has led to a variety of rare plant species occurring in the area. The IJssel river was artificially connected to the Rhine in roman times, leading to the Rhine being the main factor of the IJssel's flow. The river was largely fixated through the use of groynes. Part of the natural meanders were removed through channelization measures.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
Through the Vreugderijkerwaard a side channel was dug. This was done with for the Room for the River project in which flood protection,by increase in water retention area, and ecological recovery are linked. The project was co-funded by the EU-IRMA project. The measure of a flowing side channel was chosen to increase dynamic river processes in the otherwise fixated IJssel system. The side channel is artificially limited in its flow by divers. This measure was taken to avoid sedimentation of the main channel. The side channel has a flow-through of 1.5% of the average flow-through of the main channel. The flow speed of the side channel is lower then that of the main channel. This leads to sedimentation of sand and clay. To avoid the formation of islands in the channel and clogging of the channel a sand trap was installed.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
In the project plan four main goals were formulated for the project:<br />
#Maintaining the unique river dunes in the area<br />
#Increasing diversity<br />
#Increasing river dynamics and promoting communities of organisms that benefit from higher dynamics<br />
#Attention for relations and connections to tributaries of the IJssel.<br />
<br />
Another (secondary) goal was to keep recreational use of the area intact.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
Macrophytes have shown a strong improvement over the last few years in both abundance and species diversity. In 2006 only a few scarce plants were present while in 2008 the channel was filled with them at some places, especially near the diver at the inlet of the channel. The fast colonization of the channel is likely caused by the presence of source populations. Also, the side channel has a continues low flow regime which is a suitable habitat for the macrophytes. Also, the river has a relatively low water fluctuation. All in all macrophytes have been positively affected by the measure.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
No rare fish species were encountered prior to the project implementation. After the implementation a limited sampling of fish was undertaken. A number of fish of a rare species type were encountered. It is speculated, though unproven, that a larger number of rheophilic species use the side channel as habitat.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Dry land flora====<br />
The dry land flora of the area are very diverse and conform the expected ecotype.<br />
<br />
====Birds====<br />
The project has led to an increase in rare or endangered bird species. The increase is mostly caused by the presence of wading birds who have an ideal habitat in the low gradient slopes of the side channel.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The regime is affected in such a way that water is abstracted from the main channel into the side channel. To avoid sedimentation in the main channel the maximum flow abstraction of the side channel has been limited to 1.5% of the average discharge of the main channel.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected.<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The measure has led to an increase in river dynamics. Due to the sand trap at the entrance of the side channel natural sedimentation processes are hampered though. This was done to avoid unwanted sediment accumulation in the side channel. The effect is that sand banks and islands do not form in the side channel. The banks of the side channel are unprotected and can freely develop. The banks of the IJssel river on the other hand are almost exclusively covered by bank protection. This makes it impossible for sandy river banks to develop and due to the lack of bank erosion there is not enough sediment deposition to sustain the river dunes in the long run.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring of the Vreugderijkerwaard has been carried out in a relatively unstructured way. A number of datasets concerning flora and fauna development exist, but no structured monitoring program was set up for the project. In 2007 a report by Bureau Drift tried to collect data on the natural development in the area. An effort was also made to find and analyse historical data. A number of datasets were found reaching back as far as the 1930s. Most of the research carried out focuses on the river dune area and its rare species. Data on the floristic development of the side channel was collected by FLORON and KNNV Zwolle between 2003 and 2006. Additional data on the flora and fauna in the area is currently being collected and reported on for the 'Rijn in Beeld' project.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
The area serves as a recreation area with hiking paths and a bird watching cabin. The area is not freely accessible except for the designated paths, this to minimize human disturbance of the area.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project has a synergy between flood defense and ecological development. By giving the river more room the chances of dangerously high water levels is reduced. <br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Exact costs unknown. Estimated to be around 2.5 million euros.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
W. Tiggeloven, Dienst Landelijk Gebied, [mailto:w.p.m.tiggeloven@minlnv.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Vreugderijkerwaard e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/1738/2/ivmvu0765.pdf Herwijnen M. van, Asselt H.D. van, Oosterhuis F.H., Vermaat J.E. en Goosen H.; 2003. Succes- en faalfactoren van natuur-ontwikkeling in en langs het water. IVM rapport R-03/12, ISBN 90 5383 9054] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [http://library.wur.nl/way/bestanden/clc/1846196.pdf Huiskes, H.P.J.; Navis, P.; Sykora, K.V.; Nijs, L.J. de; Melman, T.C.P.; 2007. Natuurontwikkeling onder de loep : een evaluatiemethode voor de inrichting van nieuwe natuurgebieden. Alterra, Wageningen. Alterra-rapport 1492] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* Maas G.J., Makaske B., Hommel P.W.F.M., Nijhof B.S.J., Wolfert, H.P.; 2007. Verstoring en successie: rivierdynamiek en stroomdalvegetaties in de uiterwaarden van de Rijntakken. Alterra, Wageningen. Alterra-rapport 759. <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters&Kurstjens_2007.pdf | Peters, B. & G. Kurstjens; 2007. Rivierenland in ontwikkeling; resultaten van natuurontwikkeling in het rivierengebied. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal. Kurstjens Ecologisch Adviesbureau, Beek-Ubbergen. Studie in opdracht van het Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit. Februari 2007]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters&Kurstjens_2009.pdf | Peters, B. & G. Kurstjens; 2009. Waterplanten in nevengeulen. Inventarisatie 2009. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal. Kurstjens Ecologisch Adviesbureau, Beek-Ubbergen. Studie in het kader van project Rijn in Beeld, Oktober 2009]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="185" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="185" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-30T12:39:53Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281<br />
4#70FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.258624, 6.0042414<br />
51.258431, 6.0068358<br />
51.258249, 6.0074859<br />
51.258015, 6.0081841<br />
51.257832, 6.0087179<br />
51.258322, 6.0085965<br />
51.258992, 6.0083554<br />
51.259043, 6.0083164<br />
51.258990, 6.0087221<br />
51.258703, 6.0097870<br />
51.258350, 6.0108535<br />
51.258949, 6.0114472<br />
51.259532, 6.0119871<br />
51.259650, 6.0116684<br />
51.259849, 6.0121509<br />
51.261472, 6.0164235<br />
51.261319, 6.0166603<br />
51.261635, 6.0173335<br />
51.261025, 6.0185449<br />
51.260530, 6.0197358<br />
51.261396, 6.0207371<br />
51.262208, 6.0217841<br />
51.262506, 6.0222277<br />
51.263909, 6.0203050<br />
51.263890, 6.0174136<br />
51.263893, 6.0169044<br />
51.263977, 6.0167711<br />
51.263582, 6.0143324<br />
51.263652, 6.0142001<br />
51.265571, 6.0129081<br />
51.267202, 6.0127914<br />
51.267425, 6.0127408<br />
51.267152, 6.0117595<br />
51.266960, 6.0110688<br />
51.266623, 6.0100823<br />
51.266367, 6.0092531<br />
51.265886, 6.0082769<br />
51.265424, 6.0075551<br />
51.264697, 6.0065658<br />
51.264218, 6.0059243<br />
51.262846, 6.0050086<br />
51.261967, 6.0045482<br />
51.261305, 6.0043027<br />
51.260508, 6.0041083<br />
51.259191, 6.0041465<br />
51.258741, 6.0042481<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro. This includes the costs of land acquisition.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Loket Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://maaswerken.nl/main.php/Tracebesluit_14blokken.pdf?cm=129_1wh9so1_RW5l6TWDr1cTvu&fl_id=199&inst_id=197 Tracébesluit Zandmaas/Maasroute] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://bureaudrift.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/2006-ecol-kansprojecten-maasdal-eindrapport-6-11-061.pdf report on promising projects in the Meuse corridor] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/Rijkelse_bemden_rl.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Gebiedsrapport 3, Zandmaas. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/Images/Bijlage%20Achtste%20Voortgangsrapportage%20Zandmaas%20en%20Grensmaas%20-%20%20%20%20www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl%20cend%20bsg_tcm195-135090.pdf Werken aan de Maas van morgen; 2005. 8e voortgangsrapportage Zandmaas en Grensmaas, 1 januari – 30 juni 2005. DMW/2005/4294] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Opijnen_-_Side_ChannelOpijnen - Side Channel2010-06-30T10:58:05Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Opijnen - Side Channel */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Opijnen - Side Channel=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.8262299763673" lon="5.31103134155273" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.826144, 5.304595<br />
Side channel outlet<br />
(B) 51.823292, 5.318556<br />
Side channel inlet<br />
4#70FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.825130, 5.3045525<br />
51.826422, 5.3045632<br />
51.826892, 5.3045160<br />
51.827185, 5.3047690<br />
51.827377, 5.3048933<br />
51.827611, 5.3055793<br />
51.827921, 5.3071811<br />
51.828105, 5.3089248<br />
51.828151, 5.3105291<br />
51.828219, 5.3134080<br />
51.828006, 5.3164427<br />
51.827851, 5.3174257<br />
51.827458, 5.3188059<br />
51.826486, 5.3205043<br />
51.826279, 5.3208548<br />
51.825826, 5.3214525<br />
51.824780, 5.3199805<br />
51.824326, 5.3197131<br />
51.823215, 5.3189407<br />
51.822363, 5.3183976<br />
51.822389, 5.3182027<br />
51.822648, 5.3183785<br />
51.823037, 5.3186099<br />
51.823162, 5.3186130<br />
51.823298, 5.3183392<br />
51.823789, 5.3170152<br />
51.823844, 5.3164219<br />
51.823855, 5.3161380<br />
51.823185, 5.3157977<br />
51.823182, 5.3155963<br />
51.823536, 5.3157224<br />
51.823950, 5.3159258<br />
51.824225, 5.3153339<br />
51.824532, 5.3142777<br />
51.824584, 5.3134235<br />
51.823816, 5.3132504<br />
51.823846, 5.3131163<br />
51.824133, 5.3131754<br />
51.824701, 5.3131138<br />
51.824903, 5.3126000<br />
51.824984, 5.3121827<br />
51.825178, 5.3109661<br />
51.825171, 5.3105738<br />
51.824484, 5.3104577<br />
51.824385, 5.3103759<br />
51.824480, 5.3102532<br />
51.825200, 5.3103139<br />
51.825347, 5.3099012<br />
51.825522, 5.3091915<br />
51.825595, 5.3084223<br />
51.825592, 5.3077043<br />
51.825197, 5.3076935<br />
51.824857, 5.3075769<br />
51.824904, 5.3074189<br />
51.825586, 5.3074391<br />
51.825705, 5.3072738<br />
51.825842, 5.3063307<br />
51.825923, 5.3055698<br />
51.825895, 5.3047629<br />
51.825328, 5.3047853<br />
51.825140, 5.3047568<br />
<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="27" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The artificial side channel of Opijnen was created by opening up groynes along a longitudinal dam. This has led to a flowing side channel which has been extensively monitored for ecological response. This manner of side channel can be used to improve navigation while at the same time restoring characteristic habitat for rheophilic fish and benthic invertebrates. Macrophytes have not shown a clear positive effect in this case.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The river Waal is a major tributary of the Rhine. Near the village of Opijnen a number of groyne fields were closed off in 1984 by the construction of a longitudinal dike. This construction improves navigation conditions for ship traffic on the Waal by directing the flow more towards the center of the channel. This prevents unwanted sedimentation of the deep middle parts of the channel which are used by ships. The site is situated in the outer bend of a meander. By closing off these groyne fields the hydromorphological conditions were altered. Water flow was stopped, leading to static water bodies in the groynes. Also the sedimentation and erosion of the banks was hampered.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
National natural and ecology policy led to measures being taken to restore part of the natural flow and dynamics in the channel that the dike had severed. This was undertaken in 1994. To do this without influencing the main channel, openings were made at two points in the dike (entrance & outlet) and between the groynes. This allowed water from the main channel to flow through. In essence a side channel was created. The side channel has a flow during 99% of the year due to the bed level and the bottom sill at the entrance of the channel. The measure was taken in hopes of artificially creating biotopes that no longer exist along the heavilly modified river Rhine.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The project served as a pilot to monitor and analyse the effects. Scientific research was done on the channel to identify if the channel indeed served to (re)create habitat and biotopes that had disappeared due to channelization and artificial alterations of the Rhine and its tributaries in the Netherlands. The primary success criteria in this research were an increase in characteristic wading birds, fish and macro invertebrates.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
Macrophytes showed a change in assemblage structure after the measure was implemented. The overall abundance remained relatively low, specifically for the characteristic species who are only found at low densities. The general consensus for the WFD is that the BQE macrophytes is not positively or negatively affected by the measure.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
Benthic invertebrates showed an increase in species diversity a few years after the opening of the channel. The species diversity was roughly equivalent to the diversity found prior to opening of the channel. This can be explained by the loss of stagnant water species when the channel was opened up. A significant increase in rheophilic taxa was visible; increasing from 4% of the total amount of found taxa prior to the opening of the channel to 14-21% after the opening. Subsequent years of monitoring have led to the conclusion that the benthic invertebrates have been positively affected by the measure. Rare rheophilic species have not been found at the site.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
Eurytopic fish species were dominant in abundance throughout the side channel. This was the case for both the age-0 and the age-1+ fish. The site showed a significant increase in rheophilic fish species, including a number of rare fish that are uncommon in the Dutch rivers. Limnophilic species decreased and become (nearly) absent in the years after the measure was implemented. This was in line with the expectations however, as the measure led to the destruction of stagnant water habitats. It can be stated that fish were positively influenced by the measure.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Wading birds====<br />
The habitat needed for seasonally migrating wading birds is available in the side channel; the very shallow waters and gradually increasing banks serve as ideal habitat. Despite this the number of wading bird species observed showed high fluctuations throughout the years. This may in part be related to the breeding success of wading bird colonies throughout the years. Different species made use of the area in different months of the year, conform their migratory behaviour.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
Hydromorphology has not been monitored specifically. What can be noted is that the hydrology in terms of flow conditions (stagnant water - flowing side channel) has been altered by the measure.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
The following project monitoring has been carried out. <br />
{| width=350px cellpadding="2" align="center" class="wikitable"\n|-\n<br />
! width="60%" | <br />
! width="40%" | Sample year(s)<br />
|+ Different types of collected monitoring data with years in which they were collected. Years listed in <i>italic</i> indicate pre-project data collections.<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Species composition aquatic macroinvertebrates<br />
| align="center" | <i>1993</i> <p>1996</p> <p>1998</p> <p>2000</p> <br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Adult Odonates species composition and reproduction activity<br />
| align="center" | 1994 <p>1996 </p> <p>1998</p><br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Species composition fish<br />
| align="center" | <i>1993</i> <p>1994</p> <p>1998</p><br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Age-0 fish composition<br />
| align="center" | 1997 <p>1998</p> <br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Age-1+ fish composition<br />
| align="center" | 1997 <p>1998</p> <br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Submerged macrophytes and bank vegetation<br />
| align="center" | <i>1993</i> <p>1994</p> <p>1995</p><br />
|-valign="top" <br />
! Macrophyte association<br />
| align="center" | 1995<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Wading birds during autumnal migration<br />
| align="center" | 1995 <p>1996</p> <p>1997</p> <p>1998</p> <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Data was collected by RIZA & Klink ecological advisory.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
The lateral dike which is part of the side channel system helps to guide water flow in the main channel in such a way that navigation is positively affected. Though this dike was build prior to the side channel project, it does serve as an example of a potential restoration technique which benefits both natural dynamics and ecology as well as navigation along the main channel.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Exact costs unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_WD_2008.pdf | Report on the success of river restoration projects. The project of Opijnen and the measure type are presented in this report.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Simons_2001.pdf | <b>Peer Reviewed Paper: </b>SIMONS J.H.E.J, BAKKER C., SCHROPP M.H.I., JANS L.H, KOK F.R. & GRIFT R.E.; 2001. Man-made secondary channels along the River Rhine (The Netherlands); results of post-project monitoring. <i>Regul. Rivers: Res. Mgmt.</i> 17 pp. 473–491]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english; <i>file:</i> abstract)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Klink_2000.pdf | Klink A.; 2000. Inventarisatie van de macrofauna in de nevengeul bij Opijnen 2000. Hydrobiologisch Adviesburo Klink Rapporten en mededelingen nr. 67 november 2000. In opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat Directie Oost-Nederland, 24 pages]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="27" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="27" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Meers_-_Floodplain_loweringMeers - Floodplain lowering2010-06-30T08:45:06Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Meers - Floodplain lowering */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Meers - Floodplain lowering=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="50.9585" lon="5.7246" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 50.9585, 5.7246<br />
Julianaplas, floodplain pool<br />
(B) 50.968686, 5.729017<br />
Oude eiland (old island)<br />
(C) 50.961492, 5.720391<br />
Nieuwe eiland (new island)<br />
(D) 50.962764, 5.726178<br />
High water channel<br />
4#70FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
50.9700176, 5.7309233<br />
50.9694182, 5.7305487<br />
50.9688673, 5.7305067<br />
50.9682191, 5.7299465<br />
50.9679659, 5.7291343<br />
50.9675983, 5.7281377<br />
50.9674173, 5.7275110<br />
50.9671404, 5.7272873<br />
50.9664276, 5.7260673<br />
50.9638749, 5.7232437<br />
50.9631696, 5.7225688<br />
50.9625665, 5.7220260<br />
50.9624282, 5.7227731<br />
50.9624251, 5.7234150<br />
50.9623205, 5.7241622<br />
50.9623169, 5.7249098<br />
50.9622476, 5.7253364<br />
50.9632859, 5.7263642<br />
50.9639232, 5.7267993<br />
50.9641244, 5.7269621<br />
50.9640561, 5.7271750<br />
50.9640221, 5.7272591<br />
50.9639672, 5.7274000<br />
50.9636828, 5.7278117<br />
50.9633825, 5.7272737<br />
50.9630483, 5.7267888<br />
50.9627806, 5.7264649<br />
50.9622771, 5.7261917<br />
50.9620755, 5.7261358<br />
50.9619434, 5.7274345<br />
50.9618261, 5.7281596<br />
50.9617225, 5.7287692<br />
50.9615770, 5.7294247<br />
50.9611559, 5.7288879<br />
50.9609198, 5.7286803<br />
50.9606407, 5.7284379<br />
50.9604091, 5.7283381<br />
50.9600242, 5.7283044<br />
50.9596068, 5.7282888<br />
50.9593562, 5.7294492<br />
50.9591711, 5.7303707<br />
50.9591220, 5.7308016<br />
50.9591032, 5.7312343<br />
50.9590443, 5.7316649<br />
50.9589576, 5.7325423<br />
50.9588533, 5.7331105<br />
50.9587981, 5.7334283<br />
50.9587953, 5.7336043<br />
50.9587077, 5.7340638<br />
50.9585977, 5.7346336<br />
50.9583901, 5.7358730<br />
50.9581976, 5.7369841<br />
50.9580402, 5.7373595<br />
50.9578649, 5.7376687<br />
50.9575402, 5.7377972<br />
50.9569381, 5.7362585<br />
50.9563727, 5.7341540<br />
50.9559720, 5.7325799<br />
50.9558061, 5.7317290<br />
50.9556045, 5.7310082<br />
50.9553541, 5.7303125<br />
50.9552380, 5.7294647<br />
50.9552449, 5.7284150<br />
50.9553107, 5.7277103<br />
50.9554866, 5.7271931<br />
50.9556576, 5.7263404<br />
50.9561809, 5.7246305<br />
50.9567351, 5.7233124<br />
50.9574845, 5.7222925<br />
50.9581100, 5.7216617<br />
50.9587994, 5.7211911<br />
50.9594394, 5.7207437<br />
50.9601916, 5.7205909<br />
50.9608138, 5.7203037<br />
50.9609515, 5.7200475<br />
50.9611528, 5.7199527<br />
50.9615501, 5.7200772<br />
50.9619127, 5.7203048<br />
50.9623052, 5.7205136<br />
50.9625722, 5.7208639<br />
50.9630276, 5.7215327<br />
50.9636024, 5.7220229<br />
50.9644057, 5.7228327<br />
50.9647451, 5.7233740<br />
50.9651968, 5.7241367<br />
50.9657129, 5.7247485<br />
50.9662298, 5.7254543<br />
50.9667693, 5.7260385<br />
50.9670591, 5.7263320<br />
50.9673908, 5.7265039<br />
50.9676676, 5.7268669<br />
50.9677000, 5.7272077<br />
50.9677360, 5.7273636<br />
50.9678071, 5.7277058<br />
50.9680604, 5.7277202<br />
50.9683323, 5.7277975<br />
50.9686194, 5.7281229<br />
50.9690955, 5.7286706<br />
50.9694357, 5.7291803<br />
50.9698716, 5.7297877<br />
50.9701536, 5.7303907<br />
50.9703292, 5.7310976<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="3" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The project of Meers is one where gravel mining was combined with natural development in a successful manner. Floodplains and dikes were lowered to increase the inundation of the floodplain. Floral development mimics that of the gradual slope of the floodplain, leading to a diverse community structure. The natural dynamics have been given more room which has led to the creation of islands in a rapid flowing part of the river. This part is well suited for macrophytes and fish that favor high flow velocities.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The site near the village of Meers is home to a very dynamic stretch of the Meuse river. The river has a strong declining slope near the current exit of the pool. This leads to a rapid in the river which has led to the formation of both the 'old' and the 'new island'. At the same time the river's dynamics have, in the past, led to the river trying to cut off the meander near Meers. This led to dangerous situations for the nearby inhabitants. To protect the village dikes were build to restrain the river. The banks and floodplain of the area are used for gravel mining.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To restore the dynamic character of the river a cooperation between the Dutch Water Authority (Rijkswaterstaat), a nature protection organisation (Natuurmonumenten) and the local gravel mining company (L'Ortye) was initiated. The dykes were lowered to allow more inundation of the floodplain. At the same time the gravel mining company started to lower the area by undeep mining of the gravel in the floodplain. This was done in such a way that a slow rising gradient was created in the landscape; the area being lowest near the river slowly rising. Also, a high water channel was dug as a safety measure during peak discharges. The area held an old pool which originated from earlier gravel mining activities. This pool was partially filled with excess materials of the site. This to make the pool more shallow and through this a more suitable habitat. All this work has led to dynamic landscape with many different habitats and river dynamics. The main advantage was that part of this project could be carried out by making arrangements with a gravel mining company in such a way that both the company and the ecological state of the area benefited.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear success criteria were found, perhaps because this was a trial project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
There has been a study into some indicative species of macrophytes in the area. It was shown that the site is home to a number of rare and characteristic species. Most of these occurred in the rapid, and are characteristic species for high flow velocities. Prior to the project a study was carried out which identified much of the same macrophytes, however it should be noted that the study was carried out in a year with very favorable conditions for macrophytes. All in all it is difficult to say with certainty if the macrophytes have been positively affected by the measure. In the worst case scenario they have remained the same, whereas in the best case they have developed well.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No study was conducted into benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site is suitable for rheophilic fish, particularity the rapid and adjacent whirling pools serve as ideal habitat for these types of fish. Monitoring data could not be located, as such nothing sensible can be said about this.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Flora====<br />
The flora of the area shows a remarkable diversity in species. This diversity is much higher then it was prior to the project. As such it can be stated that the creation of a more diverse landscape has led to a more diverse floral composition. At the same time it should be noted that as succession progresses some rare species may well disappear and also the diversity may decline. <br />
<br />
====Birds====<br />
Traditionally the area of the project has been relatively scarce in the sense of bird occurrences. Since the project the numbers and species of birds have remained fairly constant. However, there has been a distinct change in the species composition in comparison to the composition prior to the project. The bird species have shifted towards a more characteristic composition for a river valley landscape. <br />
<br />
====Insects====<br />
The insects have been positively affected by the project. Both butterflies and dragonflies show an increase in rare species. The butterflies seem to be increasing still.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The river's hydrology has been affected in such a manner that it now has more space to flow into its floodplains. At the same time the high water channel was made to limit small peak discharges of the river, this to protect adjacent areas from flooding. As sensible as this is, it in fact limits the natural hydrology of the river somewhat.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The river has room to freely erode and deposit its sediment again. This has led to the formation of an island in the channel. The rising gradient of the floodplain has led to a gradient in flooding frequency which in turn is reflected in the flora of the site. Especially the rapid and the whirling pools nearby are great examples of morphological freedom of the river.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
In 1996, prior to the project, data was collected on the occurrence of macrophytes by Bureau Natuurbalans. For the project 'Maas in Beeld' data on macrophytes was collected from 1998 to 2006. This data was collected by Bureau Drift. For the same project data on birds, dragonflies and butterflies was also collected.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational use possible in the area, but only outside of the areas where active mining is taking place.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in synergy with flood defense. Increased room for the river was made and as such a lower chance of flooding exists during high discharges. Also, the high water channel helps with this. Another synergy in the project is the gravel mining. Gravel was mined for commercial uses and at the same time the floodplain was lowered, creating a win-win situation for both the gravel mining company as for the natural development of the area.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Consortium Grensmaas [mailto:info@denieuwegrensmaas.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Meers e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.denieuwegrensmaas.nl/index.html Consortium Grensmaas - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/water/plannen_en_projecten/vaarwegen/maas/meers_na_het_proefproject/index.aspx Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken, Meers na het proefproject - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/ProefprojectMeers.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Meers_-_Floodplain_loweringMeers - Floodplain lowering2010-06-30T08:42:26Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Meers - Floodplain lowering */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Meers - Floodplain lowering=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="50.9585" lon="5.7246" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 50.9585, 5.7246<br />
Julianaplas, floodplain pool<br />
(B) 50.968686, 5.729017<br />
Oude eiland (old island)<br />
(C) 50.961492, 5.720391<br />
Nieuwe eiland (new island)<br />
(D) 50.962764, 5.726178<br />
High water channel<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
50.9700176, 5.7309233<br />
50.9694182, 5.7305487<br />
50.9688673, 5.7305067<br />
50.9682191, 5.7299465<br />
50.9679659, 5.7291343<br />
50.9675983, 5.7281377<br />
50.9674173, 5.7275110<br />
50.9671404, 5.7272873<br />
50.9664276, 5.7260673<br />
50.9638749, 5.7232437<br />
50.9631696, 5.7225688<br />
50.9625665, 5.7220260<br />
50.9624282, 5.7227731<br />
50.9624251, 5.7234150<br />
50.9623205, 5.7241622<br />
50.9623169, 5.7249098<br />
50.9622476, 5.7253364<br />
50.9632859, 5.7263642<br />
50.9639232, 5.7267993<br />
50.9641244, 5.7269621<br />
50.9640561, 5.7271750<br />
50.9640221, 5.7272591<br />
50.9639672, 5.7274000<br />
50.9636828, 5.7278117<br />
50.9633825, 5.7272737<br />
50.9630483, 5.7267888<br />
50.9627806, 5.7264649<br />
50.9622771, 5.7261917<br />
50.9620755, 5.7261358<br />
50.9619434, 5.7274345<br />
50.9618261, 5.7281596<br />
50.9617225, 5.7287692<br />
50.9615770, 5.7294247<br />
50.9611559, 5.7288879<br />
50.9609198, 5.7286803<br />
50.9606407, 5.7284379<br />
50.9604091, 5.7283381<br />
50.9600242, 5.7283044<br />
50.9596068, 5.7282888<br />
50.9593562, 5.7294492<br />
50.9591711, 5.7303707<br />
50.9591220, 5.7308016<br />
50.9591032, 5.7312343<br />
50.9590443, 5.7316649<br />
50.9589576, 5.7325423<br />
50.9588533, 5.7331105<br />
50.9587981, 5.7334283<br />
50.9587953, 5.7336043<br />
50.9587077, 5.7340638<br />
50.9585977, 5.7346336<br />
50.9583901, 5.7358730<br />
50.9581976, 5.7369841<br />
50.9580402, 5.7373595<br />
50.9578649, 5.7376687<br />
50.9575402, 5.7377972<br />
50.9569381, 5.7362585<br />
50.9563727, 5.7341540<br />
50.9559720, 5.7325799<br />
50.9558061, 5.7317290<br />
50.9556045, 5.7310082<br />
50.9553541, 5.7303125<br />
50.9552380, 5.7294647<br />
50.9552449, 5.7284150<br />
50.9553107, 5.7277103<br />
50.9554866, 5.7271931<br />
50.9556576, 5.7263404<br />
50.9561809, 5.7246305<br />
50.9567351, 5.7233124<br />
50.9574845, 5.7222925<br />
50.9581100, 5.7216617<br />
50.9587994, 5.7211911<br />
50.9594394, 5.7207437<br />
50.9601916, 5.7205909<br />
50.9608138, 5.7203037<br />
50.9609515, 5.7200475<br />
50.9611528, 5.7199527<br />
50.9615501, 5.7200772<br />
50.9619127, 5.7203048<br />
50.9623052, 5.7205136<br />
50.9625722, 5.7208639<br />
50.9630276, 5.7215327<br />
50.9636024, 5.7220229<br />
50.9644057, 5.7228327<br />
50.9647451, 5.7233740<br />
50.9651968, 5.7241367<br />
50.9657129, 5.7247485<br />
50.9662298, 5.7254543<br />
50.9667693, 5.7260385<br />
50.9670591, 5.7263320<br />
50.9673908, 5.7265039<br />
50.9676676, 5.7268669<br />
50.9677000, 5.7272077<br />
50.9677360, 5.7273636<br />
50.9678071, 5.7277058<br />
50.9680604, 5.7277202<br />
50.9683323, 5.7277975<br />
50.9686194, 5.7281229<br />
50.9690955, 5.7286706<br />
50.9694357, 5.7291803<br />
50.9698716, 5.7297877<br />
50.9701536, 5.7303907<br />
50.9703292, 5.7310976<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="3" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The project of Meers is one where gravel mining was combined with natural development in a successful manner. Floodplains and dikes were lowered to increase the inundation of the floodplain. Floral development mimics that of the gradual slope of the floodplain, leading to a diverse community structure. The natural dynamics have been given more room which has led to the creation of islands in a rapid flowing part of the river. This part is well suited for macrophytes and fish that favor high flow velocities.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The site near the village of Meers is home to a very dynamic stretch of the Meuse river. The river has a strong declining slope near the current exit of the pool. This leads to a rapid in the river which has led to the formation of both the 'old' and the 'new island'. At the same time the river's dynamics have, in the past, led to the river trying to cut off the meander near Meers. This led to dangerous situations for the nearby inhabitants. To protect the village dikes were build to restrain the river. The banks and floodplain of the area are used for gravel mining.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To restore the dynamic character of the river a cooperation between the Dutch Water Authority (Rijkswaterstaat), a nature protection organisation (Natuurmonumenten) and the local gravel mining company (L'Ortye) was initiated. The dykes were lowered to allow more inundation of the floodplain. At the same time the gravel mining company started to lower the area by undeep mining of the gravel in the floodplain. This was done in such a way that a slow rising gradient was created in the landscape; the area being lowest near the river slowly rising. Also, a high water channel was dug as a safety measure during peak discharges. The area held an old pool which originated from earlier gravel mining activities. This pool was partially filled with excess materials of the site. This to make the pool more shallow and through this a more suitable habitat. All this work has led to dynamic landscape with many different habitats and river dynamics. The main advantage was that part of this project could be carried out by making arrangements with a gravel mining company in such a way that both the company and the ecological state of the area benefited.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear success criteria were found, perhaps because this was a trial project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
There has been a study into some indicative species of macrophytes in the area. It was shown that the site is home to a number of rare and characteristic species. Most of these occurred in the rapid, and are characteristic species for high flow velocities. Prior to the project a study was carried out which identified much of the same macrophytes, however it should be noted that the study was carried out in a year with very favorable conditions for macrophytes. All in all it is difficult to say with certainty if the macrophytes have been positively affected by the measure. In the worst case scenario they have remained the same, whereas in the best case they have developed well.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No study was conducted into benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site is suitable for rheophilic fish, particularity the rapid and adjacent whirling pools serve as ideal habitat for these types of fish. Monitoring data could not be located, as such nothing sensible can be said about this.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Flora====<br />
The flora of the area shows a remarkable diversity in species. This diversity is much higher then it was prior to the project. As such it can be stated that the creation of a more diverse landscape has led to a more diverse floral composition. At the same time it should be noted that as succession progresses some rare species may well disappear and also the diversity may decline. <br />
<br />
====Birds====<br />
Traditionally the area of the project has been relatively scarce in the sense of bird occurrences. Since the project the numbers and species of birds have remained fairly constant. However, there has been a distinct change in the species composition in comparison to the composition prior to the project. The bird species have shifted towards a more characteristic composition for a river valley landscape. <br />
<br />
====Insects====<br />
The insects have been positively affected by the project. Both butterflies and dragonflies show an increase in rare species. The butterflies seem to be increasing still.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The river's hydrology has been affected in such a manner that it now has more space to flow into its floodplains. At the same time the high water channel was made to limit small peak discharges of the river, this to protect adjacent areas from flooding. As sensible as this is, it in fact limits the natural hydrology of the river somewhat.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The river has room to freely erode and deposit its sediment again. This has led to the formation of an island in the channel. The rising gradient of the floodplain has led to a gradient in flooding frequency which in turn is reflected in the flora of the site. Especially the rapid and the whirling pools nearby are great examples of morphological freedom of the river.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
In 1996, prior to the project, data was collected on the occurrence of macrophytes by Bureau Natuurbalans. For the project 'Maas in Beeld' data on macrophytes was collected from 1998 to 2006. This data was collected by Bureau Drift. For the same project data on birds, dragonflies and butterflies was also collected.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational use possible in the area, but only outside of the areas where active mining is taking place.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in synergy with flood defense. Increased room for the river was made and as such a lower chance of flooding exists during high discharges. Also, the high water channel helps with this. Another synergy in the project is the gravel mining. Gravel was mined for commercial uses and at the same time the floodplain was lowered, creating a win-win situation for both the gravel mining company as for the natural development of the area.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Consortium Grensmaas [mailto:info@denieuwegrensmaas.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Meers e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.denieuwegrensmaas.nl/index.html Consortium Grensmaas - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/water/plannen_en_projecten/vaarwegen/maas/meers_na_het_proefproject/index.aspx Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken, Meers na het proefproject - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/ProefprojectMeers.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Meers_-_Floodplain_loweringMeers - Floodplain lowering2010-06-30T08:42:06Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Meers - Floodplain lowering */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Meers - Floodplain lowering=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="50.9585" lon="5.7246" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(*) 50.9585, 5.7246<br />
Julianaplas, floodplain pool<br />
(B) 50.968686, 5.729017<br />
Oude eiland (old island)<br />
(C) 50.961492, 5.720391<br />
Nieuwe eiland (new island)<br />
(D) 50.962764, 5.726178<br />
High water channel<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
50.9700176, 5.7309233<br />
50.9694182, 5.7305487<br />
50.9688673, 5.7305067<br />
50.9682191, 5.7299465<br />
50.9679659, 5.7291343<br />
50.9675983, 5.7281377<br />
50.9674173, 5.7275110<br />
50.9671404, 5.7272873<br />
50.9664276, 5.7260673<br />
50.9638749, 5.7232437<br />
50.9631696, 5.7225688<br />
50.9625665, 5.7220260<br />
50.9624282, 5.7227731<br />
50.9624251, 5.7234150<br />
50.9623205, 5.7241622<br />
50.9623169, 5.7249098<br />
50.9622476, 5.7253364<br />
50.9632859, 5.7263642<br />
50.9639232, 5.7267993<br />
50.9641244, 5.7269621<br />
50.9640561, 5.7271750<br />
50.9640221, 5.7272591<br />
50.9639672, 5.7274000<br />
50.9636828, 5.7278117<br />
50.9633825, 5.7272737<br />
50.9630483, 5.7267888<br />
50.9627806, 5.7264649<br />
50.9622771, 5.7261917<br />
50.9620755, 5.7261358<br />
50.9619434, 5.7274345<br />
50.9618261, 5.7281596<br />
50.9617225, 5.7287692<br />
50.9615770, 5.7294247<br />
50.9611559, 5.7288879<br />
50.9609198, 5.7286803<br />
50.9606407, 5.7284379<br />
50.9604091, 5.7283381<br />
50.9600242, 5.7283044<br />
50.9596068, 5.7282888<br />
50.9593562, 5.7294492<br />
50.9591711, 5.7303707<br />
50.9591220, 5.7308016<br />
50.9591032, 5.7312343<br />
50.9590443, 5.7316649<br />
50.9589576, 5.7325423<br />
50.9588533, 5.7331105<br />
50.9587981, 5.7334283<br />
50.9587953, 5.7336043<br />
50.9587077, 5.7340638<br />
50.9585977, 5.7346336<br />
50.9583901, 5.7358730<br />
50.9581976, 5.7369841<br />
50.9580402, 5.7373595<br />
50.9578649, 5.7376687<br />
50.9575402, 5.7377972<br />
50.9569381, 5.7362585<br />
50.9563727, 5.7341540<br />
50.9559720, 5.7325799<br />
50.9558061, 5.7317290<br />
50.9556045, 5.7310082<br />
50.9553541, 5.7303125<br />
50.9552380, 5.7294647<br />
50.9552449, 5.7284150<br />
50.9553107, 5.7277103<br />
50.9554866, 5.7271931<br />
50.9556576, 5.7263404<br />
50.9561809, 5.7246305<br />
50.9567351, 5.7233124<br />
50.9574845, 5.7222925<br />
50.9581100, 5.7216617<br />
50.9587994, 5.7211911<br />
50.9594394, 5.7207437<br />
50.9601916, 5.7205909<br />
50.9608138, 5.7203037<br />
50.9609515, 5.7200475<br />
50.9611528, 5.7199527<br />
50.9615501, 5.7200772<br />
50.9619127, 5.7203048<br />
50.9623052, 5.7205136<br />
50.9625722, 5.7208639<br />
50.9630276, 5.7215327<br />
50.9636024, 5.7220229<br />
50.9644057, 5.7228327<br />
50.9647451, 5.7233740<br />
50.9651968, 5.7241367<br />
50.9657129, 5.7247485<br />
50.9662298, 5.7254543<br />
50.9667693, 5.7260385<br />
50.9670591, 5.7263320<br />
50.9673908, 5.7265039<br />
50.9676676, 5.7268669<br />
50.9677000, 5.7272077<br />
50.9677360, 5.7273636<br />
50.9678071, 5.7277058<br />
50.9680604, 5.7277202<br />
50.9683323, 5.7277975<br />
50.9686194, 5.7281229<br />
50.9690955, 5.7286706<br />
50.9694357, 5.7291803<br />
50.9698716, 5.7297877<br />
50.9701536, 5.7303907<br />
50.9703292, 5.7310976<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="3" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The project of Meers is one where gravel mining was combined with natural development in a successful manner. Floodplains and dikes were lowered to increase the inundation of the floodplain. Floral development mimics that of the gradual slope of the floodplain, leading to a diverse community structure. The natural dynamics have been given more room which has led to the creation of islands in a rapid flowing part of the river. This part is well suited for macrophytes and fish that favor high flow velocities.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The site near the village of Meers is home to a very dynamic stretch of the Meuse river. The river has a strong declining slope near the current exit of the pool. This leads to a rapid in the river which has led to the formation of both the 'old' and the 'new island'. At the same time the river's dynamics have, in the past, led to the river trying to cut off the meander near Meers. This led to dangerous situations for the nearby inhabitants. To protect the village dikes were build to restrain the river. The banks and floodplain of the area are used for gravel mining.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To restore the dynamic character of the river a cooperation between the Dutch Water Authority (Rijkswaterstaat), a nature protection organisation (Natuurmonumenten) and the local gravel mining company (L'Ortye) was initiated. The dykes were lowered to allow more inundation of the floodplain. At the same time the gravel mining company started to lower the area by undeep mining of the gravel in the floodplain. This was done in such a way that a slow rising gradient was created in the landscape; the area being lowest near the river slowly rising. Also, a high water channel was dug as a safety measure during peak discharges. The area held an old pool which originated from earlier gravel mining activities. This pool was partially filled with excess materials of the site. This to make the pool more shallow and through this a more suitable habitat. All this work has led to dynamic landscape with many different habitats and river dynamics. The main advantage was that part of this project could be carried out by making arrangements with a gravel mining company in such a way that both the company and the ecological state of the area benefited.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear success criteria were found, perhaps because this was a trial project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
There has been a study into some indicative species of macrophytes in the area. It was shown that the site is home to a number of rare and characteristic species. Most of these occurred in the rapid, and are characteristic species for high flow velocities. Prior to the project a study was carried out which identified much of the same macrophytes, however it should be noted that the study was carried out in a year with very favorable conditions for macrophytes. All in all it is difficult to say with certainty if the macrophytes have been positively affected by the measure. In the worst case scenario they have remained the same, whereas in the best case they have developed well.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No study was conducted into benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site is suitable for rheophilic fish, particularity the rapid and adjacent whirling pools serve as ideal habitat for these types of fish. Monitoring data could not be located, as such nothing sensible can be said about this.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Flora====<br />
The flora of the area shows a remarkable diversity in species. This diversity is much higher then it was prior to the project. As such it can be stated that the creation of a more diverse landscape has led to a more diverse floral composition. At the same time it should be noted that as succession progresses some rare species may well disappear and also the diversity may decline. <br />
<br />
====Birds====<br />
Traditionally the area of the project has been relatively scarce in the sense of bird occurrences. Since the project the numbers and species of birds have remained fairly constant. However, there has been a distinct change in the species composition in comparison to the composition prior to the project. The bird species have shifted towards a more characteristic composition for a river valley landscape. <br />
<br />
====Insects====<br />
The insects have been positively affected by the project. Both butterflies and dragonflies show an increase in rare species. The butterflies seem to be increasing still.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The river's hydrology has been affected in such a manner that it now has more space to flow into its floodplains. At the same time the high water channel was made to limit small peak discharges of the river, this to protect adjacent areas from flooding. As sensible as this is, it in fact limits the natural hydrology of the river somewhat.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The river has room to freely erode and deposit its sediment again. This has led to the formation of an island in the channel. The rising gradient of the floodplain has led to a gradient in flooding frequency which in turn is reflected in the flora of the site. Especially the rapid and the whirling pools nearby are great examples of morphological freedom of the river.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
In 1996, prior to the project, data was collected on the occurrence of macrophytes by Bureau Natuurbalans. For the project 'Maas in Beeld' data on macrophytes was collected from 1998 to 2006. This data was collected by Bureau Drift. For the same project data on birds, dragonflies and butterflies was also collected.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational use possible in the area, but only outside of the areas where active mining is taking place.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in synergy with flood defense. Increased room for the river was made and as such a lower chance of flooding exists during high discharges. Also, the high water channel helps with this. Another synergy in the project is the gravel mining. Gravel was mined for commercial uses and at the same time the floodplain was lowered, creating a win-win situation for both the gravel mining company as for the natural development of the area.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Consortium Grensmaas [mailto:info@denieuwegrensmaas.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Meers e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.denieuwegrensmaas.nl/index.html Consortium Grensmaas - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/water/plannen_en_projecten/vaarwegen/maas/meers_na_het_proefproject/index.aspx Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken, Meers na het proefproject - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/ProefprojectMeers.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Meers_-_Floodplain_loweringMeers - Floodplain lowering2010-06-30T08:39:30Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Meers - Floodplain lowering */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Meers - Floodplain lowering=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="50.9585" lon="5.7246" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 50.9585, 5.7246<br />
Julianaplas, floodplain pool<br />
(B) 50.968686, 5.729017<br />
Oude eiland (old island)<br />
(C) 50.962764, 5.726178<br />
High water channel<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
50.9700176, 5.7309233<br />
50.9694182, 5.7305487<br />
50.9688673, 5.7305067<br />
50.9682191, 5.7299465<br />
50.9679659, 5.7291343<br />
50.9675983, 5.7281377<br />
50.9674173, 5.7275110<br />
50.9671404, 5.7272873<br />
50.9664276, 5.7260673<br />
50.9638749, 5.7232437<br />
50.9631696, 5.7225688<br />
50.9625665, 5.7220260<br />
50.9624282, 5.7227731<br />
50.9624251, 5.7234150<br />
50.9623205, 5.7241622<br />
50.9623169, 5.7249098<br />
50.9622476, 5.7253364<br />
50.9632859, 5.7263642<br />
50.9639232, 5.7267993<br />
50.9641244, 5.7269621<br />
50.9640561, 5.7271750<br />
50.9640221, 5.7272591<br />
50.9639672, 5.7274000<br />
50.9636828, 5.7278117<br />
50.9633825, 5.7272737<br />
50.9630483, 5.7267888<br />
50.9627806, 5.7264649<br />
50.9622771, 5.7261917<br />
50.9620755, 5.7261358<br />
50.9619434, 5.7274345<br />
50.9618261, 5.7281596<br />
50.9617225, 5.7287692<br />
50.9615770, 5.7294247<br />
50.9611559, 5.7288879<br />
50.9609198, 5.7286803<br />
50.9606407, 5.7284379<br />
50.9604091, 5.7283381<br />
50.9600242, 5.7283044<br />
50.9596068, 5.7282888<br />
50.9593562, 5.7294492<br />
50.9591711, 5.7303707<br />
50.9591220, 5.7308016<br />
50.9591032, 5.7312343<br />
50.9590443, 5.7316649<br />
50.9589576, 5.7325423<br />
50.9588533, 5.7331105<br />
50.9587981, 5.7334283<br />
50.9587953, 5.7336043<br />
50.9587077, 5.7340638<br />
50.9585977, 5.7346336<br />
50.9583901, 5.7358730<br />
50.9581976, 5.7369841<br />
50.9580402, 5.7373595<br />
50.9578649, 5.7376687<br />
50.9575402, 5.7377972<br />
50.9569381, 5.7362585<br />
50.9563727, 5.7341540<br />
50.9559720, 5.7325799<br />
50.9558061, 5.7317290<br />
50.9556045, 5.7310082<br />
50.9553541, 5.7303125<br />
50.9552380, 5.7294647<br />
50.9552449, 5.7284150<br />
50.9553107, 5.7277103<br />
50.9554866, 5.7271931<br />
50.9556576, 5.7263404<br />
50.9561809, 5.7246305<br />
50.9567351, 5.7233124<br />
50.9574845, 5.7222925<br />
50.9581100, 5.7216617<br />
50.9587994, 5.7211911<br />
50.9594394, 5.7207437<br />
50.9601916, 5.7205909<br />
50.9608138, 5.7203037<br />
50.9609515, 5.7200475<br />
50.9611528, 5.7199527<br />
50.9615501, 5.7200772<br />
50.9619127, 5.7203048<br />
50.9623052, 5.7205136<br />
50.9625722, 5.7208639<br />
50.9630276, 5.7215327<br />
50.9636024, 5.7220229<br />
50.9644057, 5.7228327<br />
50.9647451, 5.7233740<br />
50.9651968, 5.7241367<br />
50.9657129, 5.7247485<br />
50.9662298, 5.7254543<br />
50.9667693, 5.7260385<br />
50.9670591, 5.7263320<br />
50.9673908, 5.7265039<br />
50.9676676, 5.7268669<br />
50.9677000, 5.7272077<br />
50.9677360, 5.7273636<br />
50.9678071, 5.7277058<br />
50.9680604, 5.7277202<br />
50.9683323, 5.7277975<br />
50.9686194, 5.7281229<br />
50.9690955, 5.7286706<br />
50.9694357, 5.7291803<br />
50.9698716, 5.7297877<br />
50.9701536, 5.7303907<br />
50.9703292, 5.7310976<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="3" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The project of Meers is one where gravel mining was combined with natural development in a successful manner. Floodplains and dikes were lowered to increase the inundation of the floodplain. Floral development mimics that of the gradual slope of the floodplain, leading to a diverse community structure. The natural dynamics have been given more room which has led to the creation of islands in a rapid flowing part of the river. This part is well suited for macrophytes and fish that favor high flow velocities.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The site near the village of Meers is home to a very dynamic stretch of the Meuse river. The river has a strong declining slope near the current exit of the pool. This leads to a rapid in the river which has led to the formation of both the 'old' and the 'new island'. At the same time the river's dynamics have, in the past, led to the river trying to cut off the meander near Meers. This led to dangerous situations for the nearby inhabitants. To protect the village dikes were build to restrain the river. The banks and floodplain of the area are used for gravel mining.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To restore the dynamic character of the river a cooperation between the Dutch Water Authority (Rijkswaterstaat), a nature protection organisation (Natuurmonumenten) and the local gravel mining company (L'Ortye) was initiated. The dykes were lowered to allow more inundation of the floodplain. At the same time the gravel mining company started to lower the area by undeep mining of the gravel in the floodplain. This was done in such a way that a slow rising gradient was created in the landscape; the area being lowest near the river slowly rising. Also, a high water channel was dug as a safety measure during peak discharges. The area held an old pool which originated from earlier gravel mining activities. This pool was partially filled with excess materials of the site. This to make the pool more shallow and through this a more suitable habitat. All this work has led to dynamic landscape with many different habitats and river dynamics. The main advantage was that part of this project could be carried out by making arrangements with a gravel mining company in such a way that both the company and the ecological state of the area benefited.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear success criteria were found, perhaps because this was a trial project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
There has been a study into some indicative species of macrophytes in the area. It was shown that the site is home to a number of rare and characteristic species. Most of these occurred in the rapid, and are characteristic species for high flow velocities. Prior to the project a study was carried out which identified much of the same macrophytes, however it should be noted that the study was carried out in a year with very favorable conditions for macrophytes. All in all it is difficult to say with certainty if the macrophytes have been positively affected by the measure. In the worst case scenario they have remained the same, whereas in the best case they have developed well.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No study was conducted into benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site is suitable for rheophilic fish, particularity the rapid and adjacent whirling pools serve as ideal habitat for these types of fish. Monitoring data could not be located, as such nothing sensible can be said about this.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Flora====<br />
The flora of the area shows a remarkable diversity in species. This diversity is much higher then it was prior to the project. As such it can be stated that the creation of a more diverse landscape has led to a more diverse floral composition. At the same time it should be noted that as succession progresses some rare species may well disappear and also the diversity may decline. <br />
<br />
====Birds====<br />
Traditionally the area of the project has been relatively scarce in the sense of bird occurrences. Since the project the numbers and species of birds have remained fairly constant. However, there has been a distinct change in the species composition in comparison to the composition prior to the project. The bird species have shifted towards a more characteristic composition for a river valley landscape. <br />
<br />
====Insects====<br />
The insects have been positively affected by the project. Both butterflies and dragonflies show an increase in rare species. The butterflies seem to be increasing still.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The river's hydrology has been affected in such a manner that it now has more space to flow into its floodplains. At the same time the high water channel was made to limit small peak discharges of the river, this to protect adjacent areas from flooding. As sensible as this is, it in fact limits the natural hydrology of the river somewhat.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The river has room to freely erode and deposit its sediment again. This has led to the formation of an island in the channel. The rising gradient of the floodplain has led to a gradient in flooding frequency which in turn is reflected in the flora of the site. Especially the rapid and the whirling pools nearby are great examples of morphological freedom of the river.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
In 1996, prior to the project, data was collected on the occurrence of macrophytes by Bureau Natuurbalans. For the project 'Maas in Beeld' data on macrophytes was collected from 1998 to 2006. This data was collected by Bureau Drift. For the same project data on birds, dragonflies and butterflies was also collected.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational use possible in the area, but only outside of the areas where active mining is taking place.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in synergy with flood defense. Increased room for the river was made and as such a lower chance of flooding exists during high discharges. Also, the high water channel helps with this. Another synergy in the project is the gravel mining. Gravel was mined for commercial uses and at the same time the floodplain was lowered, creating a win-win situation for both the gravel mining company as for the natural development of the area.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Consortium Grensmaas [mailto:info@denieuwegrensmaas.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Meers e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.denieuwegrensmaas.nl/index.html Consortium Grensmaas - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/water/plannen_en_projecten/vaarwegen/maas/meers_na_het_proefproject/index.aspx Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken, Meers na het proefproject - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/ProefprojectMeers.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Meers_-_Floodplain_loweringMeers - Floodplain lowering2010-06-30T08:38:56Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Meers - Floodplain lowering */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Meers - Floodplain lowering=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="50.9585" lon="5.7246" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 50.9585, 5.7246<br />
Julianaplas, floodplain pool<br />
(B) 50.968686, 5.729017<br />
Oude eiland (old island)<br />
(C)High water channel<br />
50.962764, 5.726178<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
50.9700176, 5.7309233<br />
50.9694182, 5.7305487<br />
50.9688673, 5.7305067<br />
50.9682191, 5.7299465<br />
50.9679659, 5.7291343<br />
50.9675983, 5.7281377<br />
50.9674173, 5.7275110<br />
50.9671404, 5.7272873<br />
50.9664276, 5.7260673<br />
50.9638749, 5.7232437<br />
50.9631696, 5.7225688<br />
50.9625665, 5.7220260<br />
50.9624282, 5.7227731<br />
50.9624251, 5.7234150<br />
50.9623205, 5.7241622<br />
50.9623169, 5.7249098<br />
50.9622476, 5.7253364<br />
50.9632859, 5.7263642<br />
50.9639232, 5.7267993<br />
50.9641244, 5.7269621<br />
50.9640561, 5.7271750<br />
50.9640221, 5.7272591<br />
50.9639672, 5.7274000<br />
50.9636828, 5.7278117<br />
50.9633825, 5.7272737<br />
50.9630483, 5.7267888<br />
50.9627806, 5.7264649<br />
50.9622771, 5.7261917<br />
50.9620755, 5.7261358<br />
50.9619434, 5.7274345<br />
50.9618261, 5.7281596<br />
50.9617225, 5.7287692<br />
50.9615770, 5.7294247<br />
50.9611559, 5.7288879<br />
50.9609198, 5.7286803<br />
50.9606407, 5.7284379<br />
50.9604091, 5.7283381<br />
50.9600242, 5.7283044<br />
50.9596068, 5.7282888<br />
50.9593562, 5.7294492<br />
50.9591711, 5.7303707<br />
50.9591220, 5.7308016<br />
50.9591032, 5.7312343<br />
50.9590443, 5.7316649<br />
50.9589576, 5.7325423<br />
50.9588533, 5.7331105<br />
50.9587981, 5.7334283<br />
50.9587953, 5.7336043<br />
50.9587077, 5.7340638<br />
50.9585977, 5.7346336<br />
50.9583901, 5.7358730<br />
50.9581976, 5.7369841<br />
50.9580402, 5.7373595<br />
50.9578649, 5.7376687<br />
50.9575402, 5.7377972<br />
50.9569381, 5.7362585<br />
50.9563727, 5.7341540<br />
50.9559720, 5.7325799<br />
50.9558061, 5.7317290<br />
50.9556045, 5.7310082<br />
50.9553541, 5.7303125<br />
50.9552380, 5.7294647<br />
50.9552449, 5.7284150<br />
50.9553107, 5.7277103<br />
50.9554866, 5.7271931<br />
50.9556576, 5.7263404<br />
50.9561809, 5.7246305<br />
50.9567351, 5.7233124<br />
50.9574845, 5.7222925<br />
50.9581100, 5.7216617<br />
50.9587994, 5.7211911<br />
50.9594394, 5.7207437<br />
50.9601916, 5.7205909<br />
50.9608138, 5.7203037<br />
50.9609515, 5.7200475<br />
50.9611528, 5.7199527<br />
50.9615501, 5.7200772<br />
50.9619127, 5.7203048<br />
50.9623052, 5.7205136<br />
50.9625722, 5.7208639<br />
50.9630276, 5.7215327<br />
50.9636024, 5.7220229<br />
50.9644057, 5.7228327<br />
50.9647451, 5.7233740<br />
50.9651968, 5.7241367<br />
50.9657129, 5.7247485<br />
50.9662298, 5.7254543<br />
50.9667693, 5.7260385<br />
50.9670591, 5.7263320<br />
50.9673908, 5.7265039<br />
50.9676676, 5.7268669<br />
50.9677000, 5.7272077<br />
50.9677360, 5.7273636<br />
50.9678071, 5.7277058<br />
50.9680604, 5.7277202<br />
50.9683323, 5.7277975<br />
50.9686194, 5.7281229<br />
50.9690955, 5.7286706<br />
50.9694357, 5.7291803<br />
50.9698716, 5.7297877<br />
50.9701536, 5.7303907<br />
50.9703292, 5.7310976<br />
50.9704806, 5.7314445<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="3" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The project of Meers is one where gravel mining was combined with natural development in a successful manner. Floodplains and dikes were lowered to increase the inundation of the floodplain. Floral development mimics that of the gradual slope of the floodplain, leading to a diverse community structure. The natural dynamics have been given more room which has led to the creation of islands in a rapid flowing part of the river. This part is well suited for macrophytes and fish that favor high flow velocities.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The site near the village of Meers is home to a very dynamic stretch of the Meuse river. The river has a strong declining slope near the current exit of the pool. This leads to a rapid in the river which has led to the formation of both the 'old' and the 'new island'. At the same time the river's dynamics have, in the past, led to the river trying to cut off the meander near Meers. This led to dangerous situations for the nearby inhabitants. To protect the village dikes were build to restrain the river. The banks and floodplain of the area are used for gravel mining.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To restore the dynamic character of the river a cooperation between the Dutch Water Authority (Rijkswaterstaat), a nature protection organisation (Natuurmonumenten) and the local gravel mining company (L'Ortye) was initiated. The dykes were lowered to allow more inundation of the floodplain. At the same time the gravel mining company started to lower the area by undeep mining of the gravel in the floodplain. This was done in such a way that a slow rising gradient was created in the landscape; the area being lowest near the river slowly rising. Also, a high water channel was dug as a safety measure during peak discharges. The area held an old pool which originated from earlier gravel mining activities. This pool was partially filled with excess materials of the site. This to make the pool more shallow and through this a more suitable habitat. All this work has led to dynamic landscape with many different habitats and river dynamics. The main advantage was that part of this project could be carried out by making arrangements with a gravel mining company in such a way that both the company and the ecological state of the area benefited.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear success criteria were found, perhaps because this was a trial project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
There has been a study into some indicative species of macrophytes in the area. It was shown that the site is home to a number of rare and characteristic species. Most of these occurred in the rapid, and are characteristic species for high flow velocities. Prior to the project a study was carried out which identified much of the same macrophytes, however it should be noted that the study was carried out in a year with very favorable conditions for macrophytes. All in all it is difficult to say with certainty if the macrophytes have been positively affected by the measure. In the worst case scenario they have remained the same, whereas in the best case they have developed well.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No study was conducted into benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site is suitable for rheophilic fish, particularity the rapid and adjacent whirling pools serve as ideal habitat for these types of fish. Monitoring data could not be located, as such nothing sensible can be said about this.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Flora====<br />
The flora of the area shows a remarkable diversity in species. This diversity is much higher then it was prior to the project. As such it can be stated that the creation of a more diverse landscape has led to a more diverse floral composition. At the same time it should be noted that as succession progresses some rare species may well disappear and also the diversity may decline. <br />
<br />
====Birds====<br />
Traditionally the area of the project has been relatively scarce in the sense of bird occurrences. Since the project the numbers and species of birds have remained fairly constant. However, there has been a distinct change in the species composition in comparison to the composition prior to the project. The bird species have shifted towards a more characteristic composition for a river valley landscape. <br />
<br />
====Insects====<br />
The insects have been positively affected by the project. Both butterflies and dragonflies show an increase in rare species. The butterflies seem to be increasing still.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The river's hydrology has been affected in such a manner that it now has more space to flow into its floodplains. At the same time the high water channel was made to limit small peak discharges of the river, this to protect adjacent areas from flooding. As sensible as this is, it in fact limits the natural hydrology of the river somewhat.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The river has room to freely erode and deposit its sediment again. This has led to the formation of an island in the channel. The rising gradient of the floodplain has led to a gradient in flooding frequency which in turn is reflected in the flora of the site. Especially the rapid and the whirling pools nearby are great examples of morphological freedom of the river.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
In 1996, prior to the project, data was collected on the occurrence of macrophytes by Bureau Natuurbalans. For the project 'Maas in Beeld' data on macrophytes was collected from 1998 to 2006. This data was collected by Bureau Drift. For the same project data on birds, dragonflies and butterflies was also collected.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational use possible in the area, but only outside of the areas where active mining is taking place.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in synergy with flood defense. Increased room for the river was made and as such a lower chance of flooding exists during high discharges. Also, the high water channel helps with this. Another synergy in the project is the gravel mining. Gravel was mined for commercial uses and at the same time the floodplain was lowered, creating a win-win situation for both the gravel mining company as for the natural development of the area.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Consortium Grensmaas [mailto:info@denieuwegrensmaas.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Meers e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.denieuwegrensmaas.nl/index.html Consortium Grensmaas - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/water/plannen_en_projecten/vaarwegen/maas/meers_na_het_proefproject/index.aspx Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken, Meers na het proefproject - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/ProefprojectMeers.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Meers_-_Floodplain_loweringMeers - Floodplain lowering2010-06-29T14:02:23Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Meers - Floodplain lowering */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Meers - Floodplain lowering=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="50.9585" lon="5.7246" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 50.9585, 5.7246<br />
Julianaplas, floodplain pool<br />
(B) 50.968686, 5.729017<br />
Oude eiland (old island)<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
50.970308, 5.730214<br />
50.969526, 5.730519<br />
50.968386, 5.730372<br />
50.968023, 5.729503<br />
50.967348, 5.727300<br />
50.966481, 5.726036<br />
50.964467, 5.724061<br />
50.962635, 5.722688<br />
50.962314, 5.724648<br />
50.962326, 5.725482<br />
50.963949, 5.726722<br />
50.963672, 5.727799<br />
50.963107, 5.727030<br />
50.962394, 5.726221<br />
50.962129, 5.726045<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="3" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The project of Meers is one where gravel mining was combined with natural development in a successful manner. Floodplains and dikes were lowered to increase the inundation of the floodplain. Floral development mimics that of the gradual slope of the floodplain, leading to a diverse community structure. The natural dynamics have been given more room which has led to the creation of islands in a rapid flowing part of the river. This part is well suited for macrophytes and fish that favor high flow velocities.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The site near the village of Meers is home to a very dynamic stretch of the Meuse river. The river has a strong declining slope near the current exit of the pool. This leads to a rapid in the river which has led to the formation of both the 'old' and the 'new island'. At the same time the river's dynamics have, in the past, led to the river trying to cut off the meander near Meers. This led to dangerous situations for the nearby inhabitants. To protect the village dikes were build to restrain the river. The banks and floodplain of the area are used for gravel mining.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To restore the dynamic character of the river a cooperation between the Dutch Water Authority (Rijkswaterstaat), a nature protection organisation (Natuurmonumenten) and the local gravel mining company (L'Ortye) was initiated. The dykes were lowered to allow more inundation of the floodplain. At the same time the gravel mining company started to lower the area by undeep mining of the gravel in the floodplain. This was done in such a way that a slow rising gradient was created in the landscape; the area being lowest near the river slowly rising. Also, a high water channel was dug as a safety measure during peak discharges. The area held an old pool which originated from earlier gravel mining activities. This pool was partially filled with excess materials of the site. This to make the pool more shallow and through this a more suitable habitat. All this work has led to dynamic landscape with many different habitats and river dynamics. The main advantage was that part of this project could be carried out by making arrangements with a gravel mining company in such a way that both the company and the ecological state of the area benefited.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear success criteria were found, perhaps because this was a trial project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
There has been a study into some indicative species of macrophytes in the area. It was shown that the site is home to a number of rare and characteristic species. Most of these occurred in the rapid, and are characteristic species for high flow velocities. Prior to the project a study was carried out which identified much of the same macrophytes, however it should be noted that the study was carried out in a year with very favorable conditions for macrophytes. All in all it is difficult to say with certainty if the macrophytes have been positively affected by the measure. In the worst case scenario they have remained the same, whereas in the best case they have developed well.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No study was conducted into benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site is suitable for rheophilic fish, particularity the rapid and adjacent whirling pools serve as ideal habitat for these types of fish. Monitoring data could not be located, as such nothing sensible can be said about this.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Flora====<br />
The flora of the area shows a remarkable diversity in species. This diversity is much higher then it was prior to the project. As such it can be stated that the creation of a more diverse landscape has led to a more diverse floral composition. At the same time it should be noted that as succession progresses some rare species may well disappear and also the diversity may decline. <br />
<br />
====Birds====<br />
Traditionally the area of the project has been relatively scarce in the sense of bird occurrences. Since the project the numbers and species of birds have remained fairly constant. However, there has been a distinct change in the species composition in comparison to the composition prior to the project. The bird species have shifted towards a more characteristic composition for a river valley landscape. <br />
<br />
====Insects====<br />
The insects have been positively affected by the project. Both butterflies and dragonflies show an increase in rare species. The butterflies seem to be increasing still.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The river's hydrology has been affected in such a manner that it now has more space to flow into its floodplains. At the same time the high water channel was made to limit small peak discharges of the river, this to protect adjacent areas from flooding. As sensible as this is, it in fact limits the natural hydrology of the river somewhat.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The river has room to freely erode and deposit its sediment again. This has led to the formation of an island in the channel. The rising gradient of the floodplain has led to a gradient in flooding frequency which in turn is reflected in the flora of the site. Especially the rapid and the whirling pools nearby are great examples of morphological freedom of the river.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
In 1996, prior to the project, data was collected on the occurrence of macrophytes by Bureau Natuurbalans. For the project 'Maas in Beeld' data on macrophytes was collected from 1998 to 2006. This data was collected by Bureau Drift. For the same project data on birds, dragonflies and butterflies was also collected.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational use possible in the area, but only outside of the areas where active mining is taking place.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in synergy with flood defense. Increased room for the river was made and as such a lower chance of flooding exists during high discharges. Also, the high water channel helps with this. Another synergy in the project is the gravel mining. Gravel was mined for commercial uses and at the same time the floodplain was lowered, creating a win-win situation for both the gravel mining company as for the natural development of the area.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Consortium Grensmaas [mailto:info@denieuwegrensmaas.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Meers e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.denieuwegrensmaas.nl/index.html Consortium Grensmaas - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/water/plannen_en_projecten/vaarwegen/maas/meers_na_het_proefproject/index.aspx Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken, Meers na het proefproject - Website] <sub>(<i>language: </i>dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/ProefprojectMeers.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="3" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Lek_bij_Everdingen_-_Groyne_shieldsLek bij Everdingen - Groyne shields2010-06-29T09:53:33Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Lek bij Everdingen - Groyne shields */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Lek bij Everdingen - Groyne shields=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.9683846288715" lon="5.17473220825195" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.9683846288715, 5.17473220825195<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.969949, 5.155927<br />
51.969316, 5.158631<br />
51.969449, 5.161427<br />
51.969012, 5.166075<br />
51.968419, 5.170923<br />
51.967168, 5.176971<br />
51.965937, 5.179897<br />
51.965246, 5.181624<br />
51.964147, 5.190162<br />
51.965671, 5.186979<br />
51.967577, 5.183085<br />
51.969426, 5.179591<br />
51.970257, 5.176404<br />
51.970837, 5.171586<br />
51.971236, 5.168470<br />
51.969949, 5.155927<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="184" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Lek river is one of the major Rhine tributaries in the Netherlands. The river is channelised and groynes are present to keep the river suitable for navigation purposes. Also, banks are fixated to avoid sediment input into the main channel. The specific site of this project is situated near the town of Everdingen. The area is characterized by continual passing of ships and barges. This causes disturbance of the water flow which in turn is thought to disturb the biota in the groyne areas.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To avert the disturbance in the water flow caused by passing ships a number of groynes were shielded off by artificial structures placed in front of the groynes. These structures were made of two rows of wooden poles with branches in between them. The reasoning behind this measure was that the coils in the water would be stopped by these poles and a more suitable habitat, primarily for macrophytes, would be established in the groyne fields. The presence of macrophytes would in turn increase habitat availability for fish and benthic invertebrates. Benthic invertebrates were thought to also be able to benefit from the newly available substratum of the wooden poles. <br />
In some of the groyne fields the bank fixation was (partially) removed so that more knowledge of the effect of the shielding could be retrieved from monitoring efforts.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The goal of the project was to stimulate the development of shore and waterplant vegetation. This may also positively affect the other WFD BQEs, namely benthic invertebrates and fish. <br />
No definitive values were determined for the success or failure of the project or the respective BQEs at the start of the project. The BQEs were all monitored and evaluated by experts in their respective fields.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
Benthic invertebrates were monitored in 2006 and 2008. The conclusions from the monitoring is that there are no significant differences between the groyne fields that are shielded by the rows of poles and those that are not. This leads to the conclusion that the measure does not have the desired effect on benthic invertebrates. <br />
====Nematodes====<br />
In contrast to the rest of the benthic groups the nematodes show clear differences between shielded and unshielded fields. The groyne fields that were shielded had a higher occurrence and taxa diversity than the unshielded fields. Also, between 2006 and 2008 an overall increase in nematodes was found in the shielded fields. The conclusion is easily drawn that nematodes are positively affected by the measure.<br />
<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
Macrophytes were monitored in both shielded and unshielded fields. Another hypothesis was tested by making enclosures of wire frames. This was done to eliminate possible grazing by water-birds. Results show strong signs of grazing in non-enclosed parts of the groyne fields. Macrophyte development has been limited, even in the enclosures. No clear difference in macrophyte occurence was found between shielded and unshielded areas. The conclusion is that the artificial structures do not promote the occurrence of macrophytes so far. It should be noted that more time may be needed for the desired effect to present itself.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
The difference in fish composition and occurrence between the groyne fields (both shielded and unshielded) is quite large. This has led to difficulties in determining statistically significant effects. The general image is that some specific fish species are benefiting from the shields and are showing increase in presence of brood. The expectation is that with time the vegetation will develop further and with that the fish population will benefit as well.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
The project makes use of a selective placement method. It is assumed that groyne fields are identical, as such selective placement of shields makes it possible to test the effectiveness of the method. Shielded and unshielded groynes are monitored for the different BQEs. Monitoring and related studies were carried out by the <i>Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst Oost</i> and by <i>AquaTerra-KuiperBurger</i>. All monitoring data is property of Rijkswaterstaat Netherlands.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
There are no clear goods or services associated with this project.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
Potential synergies could be seen in the form of maintaining the channel for navigation and flood protection. However, both of these points were not negatively affected by the project; the project never aimed or succeeded to improve them.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
====Monitoring====<br />
*<b>Benthic invertebrates:</b> 66 500.- Euro<br />
*<b>Nematodes:</b> 23 300.- Euro<br />
*<b>Fish:</b> 88 700.- Euro<br />
*<b>Vegetation:</b> 49 300.- Euro<br />
*<b>Chemical:</b> 9 500.- Euro<br />
<br />
====Total costs====<br />
<b>237 300.- Euro</b><br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
M.Greijdanus-Klaas, Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, [mailto:marianne.greijdanus@rws.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Lek%20bij%20Everdingen e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:LekEverdingen_chem.pdf | Greijdanus-Klaas M. 2009. Datarapport 2008 bodemchemie Lekoevers bij Everdingen/Steenwaard, Datarapportage 2008. Rijkswaterstaat.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:LekEverdingen_mafa.pdf | Bonhof G.H., A.J.L. Van Nieuwenhuijzen, T. Koeman & G. Wolters. 2009. Effecten oeververdediging in de Lek bij Everdingen en Steenwaard op de macrofauna levensgemeenschap: meetjaar 2008. Rapport 2009-025, Koeman en Bijkerk bv, Haren.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:LekEverdingen_veg.pdf | Daling J. 2009. Meetverslag monitoring oeverplanten vooroeverproject Lek 2008. RWS Waterdienst, afdeling Monitoring en Laboratorium.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:LekEverdingen_Fish.pdf | Kampen J. & M. Beers. 2008. Monitoring van de visstand in 4 afgeschermde en 4 open kribvakken in de Lek bij Everdingen in 2008. Projectnummer: 20080219. RWS Waterdienst.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:LekEverdingen_nema.pdf | Kerkum F.C.M. 2009. Nematodenanalyse Lekoevers bij Everdingen/Steenwaard, Datarapportage 2008. Rijkswaterstaat.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="184" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="184" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Klebach_-_Side_channelKlebach - Side channel2010-06-29T09:14:08Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Klebach - Side channel */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Klebach - Side channel=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="46.776508194405" lon="13.3466613292694" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 46.776508194405, 13.3466613292694<br />
Side channel<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
46.775464, 13.345692<br />
46.775550, 13.345998<br />
46.775689, 13.346299<br />
46.776098, 13.346702<br />
46.776423, 13.346961<br />
46.776886, 13.347333<br />
46.777312, 13.347618<br />
46.777664, 13.347864<br />
46.777982, 13.347863<br />
46.778159, 13.347874<br />
46.777493, 13.347205<br />
46.776945, 13.346750<br />
46.776538, 13.346442<br />
46.776104, 13.346050<br />
46.775909, 13.345875<br />
46.775478, 13.345680<br />
46.775464, 13.345692<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="203" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
In the Drava river, near the village of Klebach, a side channel was dug in previously agricultural land. This side channel allows for more natural processes to take place. The aggregation of the side channel has taken place as was hoped, however due to high floods the aggregation is less then originally expected. The fish and macrophytes at the site benefit from the measure. However, the WFD status for the fish is still labelled as poor, despite the efforts. This can be explained by the scale of the measure compared to the scale of pressures on the system. Downstream of the site there are a number of hydro-power plants in the river, to name one such pressure that this site-specific measure has not addressed.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Drava river (also known as Drau river in German) is a 6<sup>th</sup> order stream. At the project site, in the Upper Drava Valley, it forms the boundary between the Crystalline of the Central- and the Limestone Alps. The site of the project is located near the village of Klebach in Austria. From this point onward the Drava has a discharge basin of roughly 2500 km<sup>2</sup>. The average flow of the river near the site is 76m<sup>3</sup>/s. The river at the site was historically braided with gravel banks in the channel. <br />
The Drava river has been largely regulated from the 1930 onward in the area. Banks were fixated and meanders straightened out. Lateral connection with the floodplains and side arms was removed and these areas found new use as agricultural or forestry lands. In-channel gravel banks were removed artificially or through the changes in hydrology caused by the other alterations to the river. Downstream of the side a number of hydro-power plants were constructed, these significantly disrupted longitudinal connectivity of the river. At the same time these plants do produce 'green' energy for large parts of the surrounding areas.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
The Waterauthority of the province of Carinthia in Austria, in an effort to restore some of the natural regime and ecology of the Drava, dug a side channel near the village of Klebach. This side channel was situated on the right hand side of the river in what was formerly agricultural land. On the left hand side groins were erected in hopes of keeping the entrance to the side channel open. Also, these groins were meant to initiate morphological variability in the river. The side channel itself was more then 300m in length and was originally build in two parts. This means that water was also able to enter/exit the channel about half way along it, creating what is best described as an artificial attempt at a braided river. The island that was created by the measure was the remainder of the old river bank with its old vegetation still intact.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The aims of the project were to:<br />
*stop degradation<br />
*initiate a changing river morphology<br />
*diversify the spatial variability of flow velocity and sediment grain sizes<br />
*restore an ecologically sound environment (in the form of habitat structures)<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
Not monitored<br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
The benthic invertebrates were measured in the main and in the side channel. Due to lower shear stresses in the side channel the invertebrates had both higher population densities and species diversity than in the main channel. Part of this was also attributed to algal growth in the side channel which served as a habitat for the benthic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
Fish species were shown to have significantly higher population densities in the side channel. The side channel was shown to serve as a hatching ground for many fish species. Also, two rheophilic fish species were found at the site, indicating it as an important spawning ground for rheophilic species. Despite these positive effects long term analysis has shown that the fish ecological status is still labelled as Poor by WFD standards. None the less, it has improved compared to the parts of the river where no restoration has taken place. One of the reasons for the Poor status of the area may be related to the scale of the measure compared to the pressures influencing the river. The downstream hydropeaking and longitudinal disruption of the connectivity remain unaltered by the local measure of the side channel.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
In one year the plant species diversity at the site increased from 48 species to 100 species. Another year later the species diversity had increased to 118 species in total. A form of stabilisation was taking place, likely caused by the gravel bars and islands being just above the average water table. This leads to disturbance during high water and floods, which in turn sets back the succession and thus keeps the system in a fairly pioneer-like succession stage. None the less, the measure has increased the plant diversity in the area.<br />
====Birds====<br />
A total of 40 different bird species were observed in the area; 8 of these are red-list species in Austria. The birds primarily use the gravel bars and the vegetation structures on it for resting and eating. This type of habitat is largely absent in the surrounding area, making it attractive for birds that pass through the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrology of the site has not been monitored specifically. However, the digging of a side channel has the obvious effect of taking part of the flow from the main channel and directing it into the side channel. Also, small changes in flow speed at the project site can be expected.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
Due to the lack of bank fixation morphological processes have been partially restored. During normal flow aggradation of the side channel and banks occurred. However, during high flow the groins on the left side of the banks weren't capable of forcing the line of major flow to the side channel. This in turn has led to a degradation of the channel which leads to a preservation of aggradation of roughly 50%. This means that there is a net sedimentation in the channel, as was the aim of the project. The grain size in the main channel has been unaffected. At local scale the grain size in both the side channel and between the groins has shown variability.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Pre-project monitoring has been absent in the area. Instead, space-for-time substitutes were used to discover the effect of the measure. Either the main, or nearby unrestored reaches of the channel were used as pre-restoration reference conditions. Most of the short term investigations on the site were carried out by the Institute for Water Management, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering seated at the University for Natural Resources of Vienna. From 1999 to 2003 data on fish was collected at the site for a LIFE+ EU project.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
No conflicts or synergies are known.<br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Unknown<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Wasserwirtschaft Kärnten [mailto:post.abt18@ktn.gv.at?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Klebach e-mail], Tel.: 050 536-31802 <sub>(Austria)</sub><br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [http://www.boku.ac.at/hfa/files/rivermanagement/Publikationen/Muhar_et_al_GBR2007.pdf <b>Peer-reviewed paper: </b>Muhar, S., M. Jungwirth, G. Unfer, C. Wiesner, M. Poppe, S. Schmutz, S. Hohensinner and H. Habersack, 2008. Restoring riverine landscapes at the Drau River: successes and deficits in the context of ecological integrity. In: Habersack H., H. Piègay and M. Rinaldi (Eds.), Gravel-bed Rivers VI – From Process Understanding to River Restoration, Developments in Earth Surface Processes, Elsevier, 779–803.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
* [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113395118/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 <b>Peer-reviewed paper: </b>Habersack H. & Nachtnebel H.P. (1995) Short-term effects of local river restoration on morphology, flow field, substrate and biota. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 10, 291-301.] <sub>(<i>type:</i> abstract; <i>language:</i> english)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="203" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="203" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Buiten_Ooij_-_Sluice_operationBuiten Ooij - Sluice operation2010-06-29T09:01:08Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Buiten Ooij - Sluice operation */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Buiten Ooij - Sluice operation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.8592134588881" lon="5.89519500732422" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.853855, 5.893547<br />
Oude Waal, cut off meander<br />
(B) 51.851921, 5.886009<br />
Sluice<br />
(C) 51.861258, 5.890021<br />
Vlietberg, high water refuge area<br />
(D) 51.853999, 5.889148<br />
Sand pit<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.858658, 5.886043<br />
51.860109, 5.891045<br />
51.859850, 5.891913<br />
51.860119, 5.892964<br />
51.860473, 5.893256<br />
51.860871, 5.893448<br />
51.861404, 5.895073<br />
51.862794, 5.893511<br />
51.863090, 5.892730<br />
51.863085, 5.892035<br />
51.865259, 5.892063<br />
51.865691, 5.892700<br />
51.866495, 5.896605<br />
51.866703, 5.897182<br />
51.867039, 5.897454<br />
51.867653, 5.897706<br />
51.868013, 5.898775<br />
51.868695, 5.898631<br />
51.869071, 5.899131<br />
51.869445, 5.900037<br />
51.869464, 5.900793<br />
51.869167, 5.901273<br />
51.868284, 5.901555<br />
51.867607, 5.902289<br />
51.866285, 5.901764<br />
51.865859, 5.901673<br />
51.864226, 5.901879<br />
51.863901, 5.901752<br />
51.862842, 5.901765<br />
51.861933, 5.902283<br />
51.857176, 5.901024<br />
51.856749, 5.901031<br />
51.856084, 5.901566<br />
51.855508, 5.901240<br />
51.855331, 5.900004<br />
51.854740, 5.899305<br />
51.854306, 5.898676<br />
51.853119, 5.897832<br />
51.852459, 5.896808<br />
51.852609, 5.895502<br />
51.852091, 5.893922<br />
51.851637, 5.891072<br />
51.851254, 5.890131<br />
51.851297, 5.888786<br />
51.850858, 5.887363<br />
51.850856, 5.885994<br />
51.851513, 5.885907<br />
51.851991, 5.886064<br />
51.852506, 5.885726<br />
51.853300, 5.886127<br />
51.853424, 5.885877<br />
51.853694, 5.884850<br />
51.854921, 5.885539<br />
51.856114, 5.885827<br />
51.858535, 5.886037<br />
51.858658, 5.886043<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="209" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The floodplain of Buiten Ooij is artificially flooded by opening the sluice during high water tables and closing it to trap the water in the area between the summer and the winter dyke. The effects of this measure on the BQEs differ. Macrophytes may be affected, but due to a community collapse just prior to the start of the sluice experiment it is hard to determine this. Fish and benthic invertebrates appear to be positively affected by the measure. This measure is easy and cheap, but it does not address all pressures acting on the area. As such plans are under way to further restore the area by lowering the floodplain and digging side channels.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Buiten Ooij is a floodplain area along the river Waal, a major tributary of the Rhine in the Netherlands. The area is part of a larger nature area, the Geldersche Poort. The area is situated between the summer and the winter dyke. In the area there are a number of pools that originated from historical gravel and sand mining pits. A remainder of an old river arm, the Oude Waal, is located in the south-west corner of the area. This old arm is permanently filled with water, but not connected to the current river. The summer dyke around the area was constructed in multiple phases, leading to differences in height in comparison to the water level. It is also outfitted with a sluice which was historically used to let in water during peak discharges. The dyke is higher on north-eastern part of the area. Flooding of the area is rare; an active water flow through the area is even rarer due to the height differences in the summer dyke. This leads to an unnatural situation in the floodplain where flooding occurs only sporadically and incompletely.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To improve flooding of the area and stimulate the formation of floodplain marshland an experiment was started with letting water into the area through the sluice during winter and closing the sluice during summer to retain the water in the area. This was both a cheap and easy way to improve the inundation of the area. This measure by no means fully removes the pressures acting upon the system, but it is a first step. Plans are being made to further improve the area by means of floodplain lowering and active side channel constructions.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The project was carried out as an experiment, no clear success criteria were formulated though the goal was to create wet natural habitat.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
In 1999 the coverage of macrophytes was quite high. The current situation shows a very different image with only sporadic occurrences of macrophytes in the area. This would suggest that the macrophytes have been negatively affected by the measure. Data from monitoring in 2005 shows that this conclusion is a tad too easy. The macrophytes in the area show a collapse in 2005 and a (nearly) complete absence in 2006. As this collapse occurred prior to the sluice operation experiment it seems unlikely that the project has anything to do with the difference in macrophytes observed between the present day situation and the historical data (1999). If there has been a positive effect or not is difficult to say definitively, however macrophytes have increased in the area since 2006. The area has an 'acceptable' Ecological Quality in WFD terms. This is mostly caused by the low species diversity and relatively low abundance of macrophytes.<br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
The benthic invertebrates show a significantly higher abundance and species richness than they do in the main channel. This leads to the conclusion that the wet floodplain is a suitable habitat for benthic invertebrates. These invertebrates in turn serve as food for both fish and water birds, leading to the expectation that in due time those groups will also be positively affected.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
The (near-)stagnant water bodies of the area form excellent breeding and mating grounds for fish. Especially the areas where macrophytes are present show a good deal of limnophilic species. The presence of spawning and rearing habitat is vital to the structural presence of fish species. The first indicators are there that the measure is positively affecting the fish population in the river Waal.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
There has not been any monitoring of hydromorphology. It should be noted that it is known that the area is affected by sedimentation of the floodplain and water bodies. This sedimentation takes place at a rate which is fairly standard for Waal floodplains (1-2 cm/year). This sedimentation may become a problem in time. To avoid this plans are being developed to lower the floodplain by digging off the top soil.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Some pre-project data on macrophytes exists, both in the form of a monitoring survey (1999 & 2005) and a number of aerial photographs that show the macrophyte coverage (property of Rijkswaterstaat). For benthic invertebrates and fish no pre-project data was found. <br />
The post-project monitoring was carried out in the Rijn in Beeld project. Macrophytes, fish and benthic invertebrates were collected and identified. The project is a cooperation between nature organisations, Dienst Landelijk Gebied, Staatsbosbeheer, Rijkswaterstaat and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food quality.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
None<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
Some hiking routes around the area exist. To protect the delicate system the area itself is not accessible for recreation.<br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Project costs are next to non-existent as the sluice was already in place and all that has been required is changing the time that it is opened and closed. It should be noted that the costs of the floodplain lands, that previously had agricultural purpose, is not considered in this reasoning. If the buying of those lands is to be included with the project costs the costs are significantly higher.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Gerrit van Scherrenburg, Staatsbosbeheer [mailto:g.scherrenburg@staatsbosbeheer.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Buiten%20Ooij e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/virtuallessons/landscape/ooij/ Virtual Classroom Nijmegen University: Ooijpolder] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.wildernis.eu/pdf/NL/Waal/Ontwikkeling%20Buiten%20Ooij%20lowres.pdf Historical background research of Buiten Ooij] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0XcSQagtHU Video of the Ooijpolder] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://rijninbeeld.nl/wp-content/uploads/Inventarisatierapportage-natte-overstromingsvlakte-2009-eindversie27januari2010.pdf Kurstjens G., Kessels N. van, Dorenbosch M., Peters B. & Geest G. van; 2010. Rijn in Beeld: De natuur van de natte overstromingsvlakte: de Oude Waal bij Nijmegen: inventarisatie 2009. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies/Beek-Ubbergen, Bureau Drift/Berg & Dal en Bureau Natuurbalans/Limes Divergens BV. Nijmegen.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/Natuurgebieden/Gelderse%20Poort/~/media/Gelderse%20Poort/Inrichtingsplan_Buiten_Ooij.ashx Kurstjens G., Overmars W. & Winden A. van; 2008. Inrichtingsplan Buiten Ooij, Oude Waal en Stadswaard bij Nijmegen. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies/Beek-Ubbergen. In opdracht van Staatsbosbeheer Regio Oost, district Rivierenland.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="209" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="209" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Buiten_Ooij_-_Sluice_operationBuiten Ooij - Sluice operation2010-06-29T08:55:58Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Buiten Ooij - Sluice operation */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Buiten Ooij - Sluice operation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.8592134588881" lon="5.89519500732422" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.8592134588881, 5.89519500732422<br />
<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.858658, 5.886043<br />
51.860109, 5.891045<br />
51.859850, 5.891913<br />
51.860119, 5.892964<br />
51.860473, 5.893256<br />
51.860871, 5.893448<br />
51.861404, 5.895073<br />
51.862794, 5.893511<br />
51.863090, 5.892730<br />
51.863085, 5.892035<br />
51.865259, 5.892063<br />
51.865691, 5.892700<br />
51.866495, 5.896605<br />
51.866703, 5.897182<br />
51.867039, 5.897454<br />
51.867653, 5.897706<br />
51.868013, 5.898775<br />
51.868695, 5.898631<br />
51.869071, 5.899131<br />
51.869445, 5.900037<br />
51.869464, 5.900793<br />
51.869167, 5.901273<br />
51.868284, 5.901555<br />
51.867607, 5.902289<br />
51.866285, 5.901764<br />
51.865859, 5.901673<br />
51.864226, 5.901879<br />
51.863901, 5.901752<br />
51.862842, 5.901765<br />
51.861933, 5.902283<br />
51.857176, 5.901024<br />
51.856749, 5.901031<br />
51.856084, 5.901566<br />
51.855508, 5.901240<br />
51.855331, 5.900004<br />
51.854740, 5.899305<br />
51.854306, 5.898676<br />
51.853119, 5.897832<br />
51.852459, 5.896808<br />
51.852609, 5.895502<br />
51.852091, 5.893922<br />
51.851637, 5.891072<br />
51.851254, 5.890131<br />
51.851297, 5.888786<br />
51.850858, 5.887363<br />
51.850856, 5.885994<br />
51.851513, 5.885907<br />
51.851991, 5.886064<br />
51.852506, 5.885726<br />
51.853300, 5.886127<br />
51.853424, 5.885877<br />
51.853694, 5.884850<br />
51.854921, 5.885539<br />
51.856114, 5.885827<br />
51.858535, 5.886037<br />
51.858658, 5.886043<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="209" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The floodplain of Buiten Ooij is artificially flooded by opening the sluice during high water tables and closing it to trap the water in the area between the summer and the winter dyke. The effects of this measure on the BQEs differ. Macrophytes may be affected, but due to a community collapse just prior to the start of the sluice experiment it is hard to determine this. Fish and benthic invertebrates appear to be positively affected by the measure. This measure is easy and cheap, but it does not address all pressures acting on the area. As such plans are under way to further restore the area by lowering the floodplain and digging side channels.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Buiten Ooij is a floodplain area along the river Waal, a major tributary of the Rhine in the Netherlands. The area is part of a larger nature area, the Geldersche Poort. The area is situated between the summer and the winter dyke. In the area there are a number of pools that originated from historical gravel and sand mining pits. A remainder of an old river arm, the Oude Waal, is located in the south-west corner of the area. This old arm is permanently filled with water, but not connected to the current river. The summer dyke around the area was constructed in multiple phases, leading to differences in height in comparison to the water level. It is also outfitted with a sluice which was historically used to let in water during peak discharges. The dyke is higher on north-eastern part of the area. Flooding of the area is rare; an active water flow through the area is even rarer due to the height differences in the summer dyke. This leads to an unnatural situation in the floodplain where flooding occurs only sporadically and incompletely.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To improve flooding of the area and stimulate the formation of floodplain marshland an experiment was started with letting water into the area through the sluice during winter and closing the sluice during summer to retain the water in the area. This was both a cheap and easy way to improve the inundation of the area. This measure by no means fully removes the pressures acting upon the system, but it is a first step. Plans are being made to further improve the area by means of floodplain lowering and active side channel constructions.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The project was carried out as an experiment, no clear success criteria were formulated though the goal was to create wet natural habitat.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
In 1999 the coverage of macrophytes was quite high. The current situation shows a very different image with only sporadic occurrences of macrophytes in the area. This would suggest that the macrophytes have been negatively affected by the measure. Data from monitoring in 2005 shows that this conclusion is a tad too easy. The macrophytes in the area show a collapse in 2005 and a (nearly) complete absence in 2006. As this collapse occurred prior to the sluice operation experiment it seems unlikely that the project has anything to do with the difference in macrophytes observed between the present day situation and the historical data (1999). If there has been a positive effect or not is difficult to say definitively, however macrophytes have increased in the area since 2006. The area has an 'acceptable' Ecological Quality in WFD terms. This is mostly caused by the low species diversity and relatively low abundance of macrophytes.<br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
The benthic invertebrates show a significantly higher abundance and species richness than they do in the main channel. This leads to the conclusion that the wet floodplain is a suitable habitat for benthic invertebrates. These invertebrates in turn serve as food for both fish and water birds, leading to the expectation that in due time those groups will also be positively affected.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
The (near-)stagnant water bodies of the area form excellent breeding and mating grounds for fish. Especially the areas where macrophytes are present show a good deal of limnophilic species. The presence of spawning and rearing habitat is vital to the structural presence of fish species. The first indicators are there that the measure is positively affecting the fish population in the river Waal.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
There has not been any monitoring of hydromorphology. It should be noted that it is known that the area is affected by sedimentation of the floodplain and water bodies. This sedimentation takes place at a rate which is fairly standard for Waal floodplains (1-2 cm/year). This sedimentation may become a problem in time. To avoid this plans are being developed to lower the floodplain by digging off the top soil.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Some pre-project data on macrophytes exists, both in the form of a monitoring survey (1999 & 2005) and a number of aerial photographs that show the macrophyte coverage (property of Rijkswaterstaat). For benthic invertebrates and fish no pre-project data was found. <br />
The post-project monitoring was carried out in the Rijn in Beeld project. Macrophytes, fish and benthic invertebrates were collected and identified. The project is a cooperation between nature organisations, Dienst Landelijk Gebied, Staatsbosbeheer, Rijkswaterstaat and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food quality.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
None<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
Some hiking routes around the area exist. To protect the delicate system the area itself is not accessible for recreation.<br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Project costs are next to non-existent as the sluice was already in place and all that has been required is changing the time that it is opened and closed. It should be noted that the costs of the floodplain lands, that previously had agricultural purpose, is not considered in this reasoning. If the buying of those lands is to be included with the project costs the costs are significantly higher.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Gerrit van Scherrenburg, Staatsbosbeheer [mailto:g.scherrenburg@staatsbosbeheer.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Buiten%20Ooij e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/virtuallessons/landscape/ooij/ Virtual Classroom Nijmegen University: Ooijpolder] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.wildernis.eu/pdf/NL/Waal/Ontwikkeling%20Buiten%20Ooij%20lowres.pdf Historical background research of Buiten Ooij] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0XcSQagtHU Video of the Ooijpolder] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://rijninbeeld.nl/wp-content/uploads/Inventarisatierapportage-natte-overstromingsvlakte-2009-eindversie27januari2010.pdf Kurstjens G., Kessels N. van, Dorenbosch M., Peters B. & Geest G. van; 2010. Rijn in Beeld: De natuur van de natte overstromingsvlakte: de Oude Waal bij Nijmegen: inventarisatie 2009. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies/Beek-Ubbergen, Bureau Drift/Berg & Dal en Bureau Natuurbalans/Limes Divergens BV. Nijmegen.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/Natuurgebieden/Gelderse%20Poort/~/media/Gelderse%20Poort/Inrichtingsplan_Buiten_Ooij.ashx Kurstjens G., Overmars W. & Winden A. van; 2008. Inrichtingsplan Buiten Ooij, Oude Waal en Stadswaard bij Nijmegen. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies/Beek-Ubbergen. In opdracht van Staatsbosbeheer Regio Oost, district Rivierenland.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="209" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="209" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Bouxweerd_-_Artificial_poolBouxweerd - Artificial pool2010-06-29T08:04:24Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Bouxweerd - Artificial pool */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Bouxweerd - Artificial pool=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2358583535008" lon="6.00102424621582" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2358583535008, 6.00102424621582<br />
Old gravel pit filled with water<br />
(B) 51.243065, 5.999088<br />
Wetland forest<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.230117, 5.994831<br />
51.230468, 5.994600<br />
51.231545, 5.994296<br />
51.232411, 5.994930<br />
51.232934, 5.995643<br />
51.233308, 5.997338<br />
51.235118, 5.998314<br />
51.236463, 5.998714<br />
51.238121, 5.998742<br />
51.238426, 5.998609<br />
51.239315, 5.998853<br />
51.239534, 5.998754<br />
51.240855, 5.999001<br />
51.241465, 5.999101<br />
51.241708, 5.999314<br />
51.242445, 6.000018<br />
51.245634, 5.999426<br />
51.245543, 5.997917<br />
51.244721, 5.997960<br />
51.244480, 5.998269<br />
51.241937, 5.998224<br />
51.241119, 5.997833<br />
51.240855, 5.999001<br />
51.239534, 5.998754<br />
51.239655, 6.000097<br />
51.239625, 6.000608<br />
51.239408, 6.001160<br />
51.239432, 6.001663<br />
51.238937, 6.002047<br />
51.238104, 6.002405<br />
51.237703, 6.003238<br />
51.237241, 6.004114<br />
51.235507, 6.002619<br />
51.233735, 6.000740<br />
51.232653, 5.999359<br />
51.231809, 5.998122<br />
51.231060, 5.996721<br />
51.230616, 5.996014<br />
51.230117, 5.994831<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="186" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Bouxweerd is an area along the Meuse river. It consists of a floodplain with an artificial pool which was dug as a side-effect of the gravel mining in the area. The pool is characterized by limited water quality and botulism is a common threat to the fish during summer. To increase inundation in the area first an adjustable weir was installed. As this did not have the initial desired effect the canal flowing out of the area was later closed off completely to stop the area from drying out. In terms of biota the area is only interesting for wading birds. All other biota have developed relatively poorly, though macrophytes have increased somewhat since restoration was started.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Bouxweerd area is situated on the floodplain of the canalized Meuse river. Most of the area has seen a good deal of mining of both clay and gravel. The gravel mining started as early as the 1940's. A part of the area was filled up with sand and debris after the gravel was extracted. A gravel pit was also left behind however; this filled up with water and serves as an artificial pool which is characteristic to the area. In the northern part of the area a small wetland forest is situated. The forest is fed by upwelling groundwater. A ditch which was used for the hydro management of the area for agricultural use is situated near this forest.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
The large pool was dug for non-nature restorative reasons. It was a side-product of the economically profitable gravel mining. In 2003 measures were taken to ensure that the floodplain was inundated more often. A adjustable weir was installed in the ditch in 2003 to control the water flow from the wetland forest. Later on in 2008 it became apparent that the forest was still drying out and the ditch was closed off near the forest to avoid water loss. The weir was removed as it no longer served a function.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Not listed<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
A number of macrophytes were encountered in the river. In comparison to pre-project data there is an increase in macrophytes, however the overall results are disappointing. Research has shown that this is caused by the management choices in nearby grasslands which are aimed at geese. These geese graze on the macrophytes and thereby suppress both colonisation and development of a macrophyte community. The pool is devoid of macrophytes.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No known data.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
Fish were not monitored in the pool, however it is expected that it is not a suitable habitat for rare fish species. Some general fish are known to occur there. During summer the pool is known for fish dying due to anoxia and botulism.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry land flora====<br />
The dry land flora has developed relatively poorly since the project started. The characteristic upwelling forest has shown no signs of development. This can be explained by nearby sand excavations that accidentally dug through a soil layer which led to the severing of the upwelling in the area. The large amount of grazing by birds does not help the floral development either.<br />
<br />
====Breeding birds====<br />
The area shows remarkably high numbers of breeding birds, both regular as well as a few rare species. The area, in comparison with other areas, has a high species richness and diversity. Even though the water quality of the pool is bad it still serves as a feeding ground for the breeding birds. The shallow parts of the pool are home to a large number of insects which serve as a food source for the birds.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The flooding frequency of the pool is determined by a step in the dam that separates the pool from the river. On average the pool is inundated more then 100 days per year. This leads to sedimentation of the pool.<br />
The upwelling was severed due to sand excavation. In 2008 the ditch near the forest was closed off. The expectation is that this will stop the area from drying out and allow the re-occurrence of the upwelling. <br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The major morphological change in the area is the sedimentation of the pool due to inundation. The banks of the river are all fixated, leading to a lack of sediment input and bank formation. Sedimentation on banks and the dikes only takes place during high water peaks.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Floristic data was collected in 2007 for the Maas in Beeld project. Historical data exists in the form of two datasets by the regional authorities, one from 1988 and the other from 1998. These two datasets can serve as 0-monitoring datasets. Fish data has not been collected systematically and only scattered individual sightings are available for the area. The breeding birds have been monitored yearly from 1994 onward. Older data is available but often consists of sightings from local bird watchers. This data goes back as far as 1976.<br />
Hydromorphology has only been examined for the Maas in Beeld project in 2007.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational area; most of the area is accessible to the public for hiking and nature experience. This has been accommodated by constructing a bird watching cabin.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
Synergies exist with gravel and clay mining, which was at the source of the formation of the area in its current state. <br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Exact costs unknown<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Bouxweerd e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/Bouxweerd_lr.pdf Kurstjens G., Peters B. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Burea Drift, Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Berg & Dal/Beek-Ubbergen.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="186" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="186" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Connection to groundwater bodies]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Bouxweerd_-_Artificial_poolBouxweerd - Artificial pool2010-06-29T08:02:21Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Bouxweerd - Artificial pool */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Bouxweerd - Artificial pool=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2358583535008" lon="6.00102424621582" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2358583535008, 6.00102424621582<br />
(Marker title)<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.230117, 5.994831<br />
51.230468, 5.994600<br />
51.231545, 5.994296<br />
51.232411, 5.994930<br />
51.232934, 5.995643<br />
51.233308, 5.997338<br />
51.235118, 5.998314<br />
51.236463, 5.998714<br />
51.238121, 5.998742<br />
51.238426, 5.998609<br />
51.239315, 5.998853<br />
51.239534, 5.998754<br />
51.240855, 5.999001<br />
51.241465, 5.999101<br />
51.241708, 5.999314<br />
51.242445, 6.000018<br />
51.245634, 5.999426<br />
51.245543, 5.997917<br />
51.244721, 5.997960<br />
51.244480, 5.998269<br />
51.241937, 5.998224<br />
51.241119, 5.997833<br />
51.240855, 5.999001<br />
51.239534, 5.998754<br />
51.239655, 6.000097<br />
51.239625, 6.000608<br />
51.239408, 6.001160<br />
51.239432, 6.001663<br />
51.238937, 6.002047<br />
51.238104, 6.002405<br />
51.237703, 6.003238<br />
51.237241, 6.004114<br />
51.235507, 6.002619<br />
51.233735, 6.000740<br />
51.232653, 5.999359<br />
51.231809, 5.998122<br />
51.231060, 5.996721<br />
51.230616, 5.996014<br />
51.230117, 5.994831<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="186" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Bouxweerd is an area along the Meuse river. It consists of a floodplain with an artificial pool which was dug as a side-effect of the gravel mining in the area. The pool is characterized by limited water quality and botulism is a common threat to the fish during summer. To increase inundation in the area first an adjustable weir was installed. As this did not have the initial desired effect the canal flowing out of the area was later closed off completely to stop the area from drying out. In terms of biota the area is only interesting for wading birds. All other biota have developed relatively poorly, though macrophytes have increased somewhat since restoration was started.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Bouxweerd area is situated on the floodplain of the canalized Meuse river. Most of the area has seen a good deal of mining of both clay and gravel. The gravel mining started as early as the 1940's. A part of the area was filled up with sand and debris after the gravel was extracted. A gravel pit was also left behind however; this filled up with water and serves as an artificial pool which is characteristic to the area. In the northern part of the area a small wetland forest is situated. The forest is fed by upwelling groundwater. A ditch which was used for the hydro management of the area for agricultural use is situated near this forest.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
The large pool was dug for non-nature restorative reasons. It was a side-product of the economically profitable gravel mining. In 2003 measures were taken to ensure that the floodplain was inundated more often. A adjustable weir was installed in the ditch in 2003 to control the water flow from the wetland forest. Later on in 2008 it became apparent that the forest was still drying out and the ditch was closed off near the forest to avoid water loss. The weir was removed as it no longer served a function.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Not listed<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
A number of macrophytes were encountered in the river. In comparison to pre-project data there is an increase in macrophytes, however the overall results are disappointing. Research has shown that this is caused by the management choices in nearby grasslands which are aimed at geese. These geese graze on the macrophytes and thereby suppress both colonisation and development of a macrophyte community. The pool is devoid of macrophytes.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
No known data.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
Fish were not monitored in the pool, however it is expected that it is not a suitable habitat for rare fish species. Some general fish are known to occur there. During summer the pool is known for fish dying due to anoxia and botulism.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry land flora====<br />
The dry land flora has developed relatively poorly since the project started. The characteristic upwelling forest has shown no signs of development. This can be explained by nearby sand excavations that accidentally dug through a soil layer which led to the severing of the upwelling in the area. The large amount of grazing by birds does not help the floral development either.<br />
<br />
====Breeding birds====<br />
The area shows remarkably high numbers of breeding birds, both regular as well as a few rare species. The area, in comparison with other areas, has a high species richness and diversity. Even though the water quality of the pool is bad it still serves as a feeding ground for the breeding birds. The shallow parts of the pool are home to a large number of insects which serve as a food source for the birds.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
The flooding frequency of the pool is determined by a step in the dam that separates the pool from the river. On average the pool is inundated more then 100 days per year. This leads to sedimentation of the pool.<br />
The upwelling was severed due to sand excavation. In 2008 the ditch near the forest was closed off. The expectation is that this will stop the area from drying out and allow the re-occurrence of the upwelling. <br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The major morphological change in the area is the sedimentation of the pool due to inundation. The banks of the river are all fixated, leading to a lack of sediment input and bank formation. Sedimentation on banks and the dikes only takes place during high water peaks.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Floristic data was collected in 2007 for the Maas in Beeld project. Historical data exists in the form of two datasets by the regional authorities, one from 1988 and the other from 1998. These two datasets can serve as 0-monitoring datasets. Fish data has not been collected systematically and only scattered individual sightings are available for the area. The breeding birds have been monitored yearly from 1994 onward. Older data is available but often consists of sightings from local bird watchers. This data goes back as far as 1976.<br />
Hydromorphology has only been examined for the Maas in Beeld project in 2007.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Recreational area; most of the area is accessible to the public for hiking and nature experience. This has been accommodated by constructing a bird watching cabin.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
Synergies exist with gravel and clay mining, which was at the source of the formation of the area in its current state. <br />
<br />
===Project costs===<br />
Exact costs unknown<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Bouxweerd e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/Bouxweerd_lr.pdf Kurstjens G., Peters B. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Proefproject Meers. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Burea Drift, Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Berg & Dal/Beek-Ubbergen.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="186" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="186" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Connection to groundwater bodies]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Beneden-Leeuwen_-_Side_channelBeneden-Leeuwen - Side channel2010-06-28T14:06:36Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: </p>
<hr />
<div>=Beneden-Leeuwen - Side channel=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.8885706852741" lon="5.52809715270996" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.8885706852741, 5.52809715270996<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.888437, 5.507364<br />
51.887573, 5.507842<br />
51.887466, 5.509921<br />
51.887230, 5.510890<br />
51.887274, 5.513042<br />
51.887574, 5.514465<br />
51.887530, 5.515466<br />
51.887273, 5.516221<br />
51.886354, 5.517708<br />
51.886140, 5.519022<br />
51.886481, 5.523666<br />
51.887677, 5.526473<br />
51.887721, 5.527407<br />
51.887591, 5.528345<br />
51.887957, 5.535277<br />
51.888041, 5.539019<br />
51.888555, 5.541744<br />
51.890117, 5.543451<br />
51.890310, 5.541990<br />
51.890654, 5.541399<br />
51.892261, 5.539490<br />
51.894150, 5.536119<br />
51.894197, 5.534358<br />
51.890043, 5.520071<br />
51.888838, 5.510567<br />
51.888437, 5.507364<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="181" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The Beneden-Leeuwen project illustrates how flood defence through the strengthening of dikes with clay from the site can be combined with nature development. A large variety of habitats was created in this project by connecting old side arms, clay and sand pits. The effects of the morphology are apparent, though there are signs that the dynamics are relatively low in the side channel (no sedimentation, no specific benthic invertebrate species). The project has a clear positive effect on fish, mostly by providing nurturing habitats. Benthic invertebrates seem to be less affected, and macrophytes are scarce. The later is likely caused by the relatively steep banks of the side channel which is less suited for macrophytes.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
Beneden-Leeuwen is a site situated along the river Waal, a tributary of the Rhine in the Netherlands. It is characterized by a number of old sand and clay excavation pits and a cut of meander which was part of the Waal river prior to canalization. The floodplain was largely cut off from the main channel due to dikes situated on the banks of the river. The banks are fortified and groynes are in place in the channel. This has led to a decrease in hydromorphological processes and a subsequent decrease in ecological value of the area.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In an attempt to restore the ecological potential of the area as well as fortifying the dikes a deep sand and a clay excavation pit were connected. During high water this clay pit was connected to a former river bend. In years to follow a number of clay pits were dug and three secondary branches were connected, leading to a side channel. This side channel was connected to the main river, creating a side channel which flows with the river during 95% of the time. During low water levels the flow in the channel is reduced by a sill between the sand pit and the channel. The clay that was dug up from the clay pits was used to fortify dikes in the area. These dikes were not yet up to the set national standard. This measure made it possible to both fortify the dikes and at the same time facilitate ecological development of the area.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
The project served as a pilot to monitor and analyse the effects. Scientific research was done on the channel to identify if the channel indeed served to (re)create habitat and biotopes that had disappeared due to channelization and artificial alterations of the Rhine and its tributaries in the Netherlands. The primary success criteria in this research were an increase in characteristic wading birds, fish and macro invertebrates.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
Macrophyte-zonation due to slow rising slopes is absent in this side channel due the steep banks of the side channel. This creates a relatively uniform macrophyte community with relatively low diversity and abundance of species. No rare species were found.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
Benthic invertebrates showed a comparable total number and abundance of taxa throughout the monitoring period. Some rheophilic taxa were found, but permanent settlement of rare species proved problematic. The flowing parts of the channel showed an increase in rheophilic taxa, but held no unique species. The occurrence of the rheophilic species seems to be largely related to the available substrate, which is more abundant at higher water levels. Also, a lot of exotic species were found in the area. Due to the large number of habitat (oxbow lake, sand/clay pits, flowing channel) a good number of benthic invertebrates were able to settle in the area. The absence of certain species of benthic invertebrates indicates that there is a shortage of dynamics in the channel. Species composition is largely similar to that of the groynefields of the main channel, indicating a limited effect of the side channel on bentic invertebrates.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
Age-1+ eurytopic fish species were dominant in abundance throughout the side channel. Rheophilic fish were rare and occurred only in the flowing parts of the side channel, and only in relatively low abundance. The total fish abundance was highest in the clay pits. The site shows a strong occurrence of eurytopic fish species, which seems to increase throughout the years. The Age-0 fish showed increases in abundance of both eurytopic and rheophilic species. This indicates that the channel is a suitable nursery habitat.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry land Flora====<br />
The dry land flora flourishes due to the large variety of habitats. Due to management (grazing) and the dynamics of flooding there is a diversity in succession in the area which gives a great diversity of plant species from different succession stages.<br />
<br />
====Wading birds====<br />
The number of wading birds is relatively low for both the clay pits as the flowing channel. Though some species visit, their presence is not very proclaimed. This is likely caused by the steep banks which are not an ideal habitat for most wading birds.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
Hydromorphological monitoring showed an improvement towards a natural situation with greater floodplain inundation and a flowing side channel. The lateral connectivity was improved by the measure. Also, the natural processes of erosion and sedimentation can take place in the channel, though no sedimentation has been observed. The slopes of the banks are rather steep which hampers the development of certain characteristics of the side channel. Large parts of the site are stagnant during shorter or longer parts of the year.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
The following project monitoring has been carried out. <br />
{| width=350px cellpadding="2" align="center" class="wikitable"\n|-\n<br />
! width="60%" | <br />
! width="40%" | Sample year(s)<br />
|+ Different types of collected monitoring data with years in which they were collected. Years listed in <i>italic</i> indicated pre-project monitoring data.<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Species composition aquatic macroinvertebrates<br />
| align="center" | 1994 <p>1995</p> <p>1996</p> <p>1997</p> <p>2002</p> <p>2005</p><br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Adult Odonates species composition and reproduction activity<br />
| align="center" | 1994 <p>1995</p> <p>1997</p><br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Species composition fish<br />
| align="center" | 1994 <p>1995</p><br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Age-0 fish composition<br />
| align="center" | 1997 <p>1998</p> <br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Age-1+ fish composition<br />
| align="center" | 1997 <p>1998</p> <br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Submerged macrophytes and bank vegetation<br />
| align="center" | <i>1993</i> <p>1995</p><br />
|-valign="top" <br />
! Macrophyte association<br />
| align="center" | 1995<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Wading birds during autumnal migration<br />
| align="center" | 1994 <p>1997</p><br />
|-valign="top"<br />
! Dry land flora<br />
| align="center" | 2008<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Data was collected by RIZA, Klink ecological advisory and FREE. It should be noted that nearly all monitoring was carried out as the first stages of the project were already underway.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Clay and sand mining.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
The clay which was mined from the clay pits was used for strengthening the dikes of the site which were not up to safety standards. The main channel has not been negatively affected by the side channel.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Exact costs unknown.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_WD_2008.pdf | Report on the success of river restoration projects. The project of Beneden-Leeuwen and the measure type are presented in this report.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Simons_2001.pdf | <b>Peer Reviewed Paper: </b>SIMONS J.H.E.J, BAKKER C., SCHROPP M.H.I., JANS L.H, KOK F.R. & GRIFT R.E.; 2001. Man-made secondary channels along the River Rhine (The Netherlands); results of post-project monitoring. <i>Regul. Rivers: Res. Mgmt.</i> 17 pp. 473–491]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> english; <i>file:</i> abstract)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Klink_1994.pdf | Klink A. Mulder J., Wilhelm M., Jansen M.; 1994. De Leeuwense Waard in 1994. Opname van de aquatische makro-evertebraten voor de aanleg van een permanent meestromende nevengeul. Hydrobiologisch Adviesburo Klink bv Wageningen Rapporten en Mededelingen 55 (20 november 1994)In opdracht van het RIZA en Rijkswaterstaat Direktie Gelderland, 12 pages]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Klink_2005.pdf | Klink A.; 1994. De Leeuwense Waard in 2005. Monitoring aquatische macrofauna in de Kaliwaal en Leeuwense Waard (2005). Hydrobiologisch Adviesburo Klink Rapporten en Mededelingen nr. 87. Project 161 December 2005 In opdracht van de Delgromij, Elst (Gld), 22 pages]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Linnartz_2009.pdf | Linnartz-Nieuwdorp E.; 2009. Leeuwense waard, FLORA EN FAUNA, Inventarisatie 2008. Bureau Apis In opdracht van FREE, 22 pages]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="181" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="181" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantity and dynamics of water flow]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Bakenhof_-_Dyke_relocationBakenhof - Dyke relocation2010-06-28T13:44:07Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: </p>
<hr />
<div>=Bakenhof - Dyke relocation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.9689663046676" lon="5.9230899810791" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.967315, 5.928900<br />
Side channel<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.956987, 5.931360<br />
51.960987, 5.931813<br />
51.962048, 5.931373<br />
51.963249, 5.930760<br />
51.964681, 5.929483<br />
51.966033, 5.928302<br />
51.967031, 5.927137<br />
51.967864, 5.925143<br />
51.968775, 5.919216<br />
51.969778, 5.915825<br />
51.971316, 5.911980<br />
51.971821, 5.909101<br />
51.974179, 5.911371<br />
51.971264, 5.916401<br />
51.970635, 5.918652<br />
51.970186, 5.922061<br />
51.969637, 5.925584<br />
51.968644, 5.927952<br />
51.967924, 5.929733<br />
51.966295, 5.931648<br />
51.964762, 5.932791<br />
51.964372, 5.932491<br />
51.963531, 5.932534<br />
51.963075, 5.932912<br />
51.963099, 5.933854<br />
51.960117, 5.934726<br />
51.959249, 5.935162<br />
51.958501, 5.936243<br />
51.956987, 5.931360<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="204" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
The Bakenhof site is a chain of floodplains that have been enlarged by moving the dyke 200 metres inland. A side channel was also constructed to allow natural processes of erosion into the area. The result of this project in terms of WFD BQEs is fairly limited. Fish and benthic invertebrates were not monitored and macrophytes only scarcely occur in the side channel. The vegetation in the floodplain areas has increased greatly. A dynamic system has developed where succession is progressing steadily. To halt or set back succession large grazers have been employed. One of the remarkable features of the project is its synergy with recreation. People from the nearby city of Arnhem can and are encouraged to use the area for recreational purposes. This is done by constructing a playground and a barbecue spot in the area.<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The Nederrijn (or Lower Rhine) is a branch of the Dutch part of the Rhine river. It starts at the city of Arnhem, near the site of this project, and continues up to the city of Wijk bij Duursteden where the river continues as the river Lek. Along the Nederrijn on the outskirts of Arnhem a number of floodplains are situated on the southern bank. On the northern bank there is an entrance to a harbour. The southern floodplains were largely cut off from river dynamics due to a laterally placed dyke. Also, river banks were fixated and groins were placed in the channel to keep it open for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To increase the available natural area and to promote natural processes the dyke on the southern side of the river was relocated 200 meters inland over a reach of 1,4 kilometres. This meant that a number of previously agricultural lands were claimed for natural development. Also, a side channel was dug to increase the lateral connection to the floodplains. This side channel was created by creating two openings in the old dyke and deepening the floodplain between the new and the old dyke. This led to an artificial channel without bank fixation where natural processes like erosion and sedimentation can take place.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear success criteria for the project were found.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
Macrophytes have been monitored in the side channel for the project 'Rijn in Beeld'. The conclusions of this study where that the side channel is exceptionally poor in macrophytes compared to other study areas (e.g. Gameren & Vreugderijkerwaard). Only one macrophyte species was encountered, and only sporadically. Possible explanations for this lack of macrophytes were:<br />
*Nearly drying up of the side channel during summer months<br />
*Low flow in the side channel<br />
*Heavy silt deposition in the side channel, possibly related to the low flow conditions<br />
*Lack of nearby source populations for macrophyte colonization<br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
Not monitored<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Flora====<br />
Vegetation monitoring shows a great deal of changes throughout the time. Clear is that the creation of the side channel and the relocation of the dyke have led to a greater diversity in habitats, and with that a greater diversity in species. At the same time the species vary greatly throughout the time. In monitoring in 2003 and 2009 a total of 342 species were found, however only 213 were found in both monitoring periods. Also, in 2009 the total amount of species was lower then in 2003. Closer examination shows that pioneer species have disappeared, indicating succession taking place in the area. In due time this may lead to a further decrease in vegetational diversity. To set back succession large grazers have been deployed in part of the project area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
Hydromorphology was not monitored specifically, though some information is available as it was used to explain the absence of water plants (see above).<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
The area has only been monitored for vegetation, not for fish or macro-invertebrates. A number of datasets exist, most of which are from the KNNV, the Royal Dutch Association for Natural-history. They have had a multitude of monitoring campaigns in the Bakenhof, even prior to the dyke relocation. Data on vegetation is available for 1998, 2003-2005 and 2009. In 2009 the project Rijn in Beeld also monitored the Bakenhof side channel for macrophytes for Rijkswaterstaat.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
The Bakenhof project has a major secondary function as a recreation area for the nearby city of Arnhem. To facilitate this while maintaining its function as ecological corridor a number of measures were taken. This included making parts of the area inaccessible to dogs to avoid unpleasant confrontations with grazers. Also, a barbecue spot was made to give the people a chance to barbecue in nature. For the children a playground which fits into the style of the natural surroundings was constructed. The area is surrounded by fencing to keep the grazers in the area, but can be freely accessed by eight gates divided fairly evenly over the fenced area. The area is freely accessible, making it ideal for hikers.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
The major synergy of the Bakenhof project is the coupling between nature and recreation (see above).<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
Exact costs unknown<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Vereniging Vrienden Speeluiterwaard Bakenhof [mailto:info@speeluiterwaard.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Bakenhof e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://www.speeluiterwaard.nl/ Site of the volunteer group organising events at the project area.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.knnv.nl/arnhem/16-werkgroepen/inventarisatie/Verslagen/Verslag%20Bakenhof.pdf KNNV vegetation monitoring report 2003] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/activiteiten/gelderse%20poort/natuurspeeluiterwaard%20de%20bakenhof.aspx Dutch Forestry Authority website on the Bakenhof site] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.stroming.nl/pdf/bakenhof.pdf Litjens G., A. van Winden, E. Duijndam, K. van den Herik, F. Maasland & Monic Deichmann; 2002. Speeluiterwaard Bakenhof; De natuur als speelaanleiding. Bureau Stroming: In opdracht van Staatsbosbeheer en gemeente Arnhem. December 2002] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [http://rijninbeeld.nl/wp-content/uploads/Inventarisatierapportage-waterplanten-nevengeulen-2009-v23-okt-09.pdf Peters, B. & G. Kurstjens; 2009. Waterplanten in nevengeulen. Inventarisatie 2009. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal. Kurstjens Ecologisch Adviesbureau, Beek-Ubbergen. Studie in het kader van project Rijn in Beeld, Oktober 2009] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* http://www.knnv.nl/arnhem/16-werkgroepen/inventarisatie/inventarisatie.htm <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="204" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="204" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Aaijen_-_Removal_of_Bank_FixationAaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation2010-06-28T12:10:09Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Aaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Aaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.5816565850817" lon="6.04054927825928" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.579021, 6.041181 <br />
Aaijense Beek (stream)<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.581914, 6.040649<br />
51.581537, 6.040618<br />
51.580880, 6.040776<br />
51.579856, 6.040562<br />
51.579033, 6.040424<br />
51.578293, 6.040033<br />
51.578233, 6.041176<br />
51.579013, 6.041964<br />
51.581646, 6.041241<br />
51.582000, 6.041132<br />
51.581914, 6.040649<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="29" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Near the town of Aijen the bank fixation along a bank of the river Meuse was removed over a stretch of 400 meters. The goal of this measure was to allow natural river dynamics and bank formation to take place and through this stimulate nature development. The banks were monitored and erosion was apparent. However, the characteristic steep bank sides were not formed due to the relatively low height of the river bank. Also, erosion was impeded by remnant hard debris in the banks. The macrophytes show no response to the measure, the benthic invertebrates show a positive response to the measure. <br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The river Meuse is intensively used as a shipping route. As such the river is periodically deepened to make it possible for ships to sail through. This deepening leads to a decrease in natural hydromorphological dynamics in the river. To restore dynamics the bank fixation has been removed in a number of locations along the river Meuse. This is done in a project by the name of Nature-friendly Banks Meuse (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers Maas; NVO). One of these areas is the riverbank near the village of Aaijen. This is a stretch of 400m of river bank which was fixated with hard material. In the sixties and seventies the bank area was fortified with rock filling. Later on the banks were fortified with broken stone material. The adjacent area consists of rough pastures and has seen intensive agricultural use over the past few decades.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To counteract the loss of dynamics in the river Meuse the bank fixation was removed along the 400 meter stretch of the riverbank near Aaijen. This measure was taken as the reintroduction of erosion processes is thought to contribute to the occurrence of flora and fauna that is interesting from a nature perspective. Also, the actual work of removing the fixation is quick to carry out. After removal of the fixation natural processes are left to shape the riverbank.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Five common goals have been established for all the NVO projects.<br />
<br />
# Registering ecological and morphological changes in the banks.<br />
# Registering social affects of the measure; are other functions of the river damaged, is flood protection guarenteed?<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the quality demands of the WFD.<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the local policy goals; is the change caused by the measure conform the guiding image?<br />
# Determining what manner of nature friendly bank management is most effective.<br />
<br />
No specific goals were set for this project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
No macrophytes were found at this site. Locally Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea was encountered along the banks. This is similar to the situation prior to the removal of bank fixation. Macrophytes are not (yet) affected by the measure.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
A number of benthic invertebrate species and groups were found, 23 in total. This is an increase compared to the 19 species found before implementation of the measure. Also the number of invertebrates found at the site per species increased due to the measure.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site was not monitored for fish. It can be expected however that the site is comparable in fish composition and abundance as the site of [[Bergen - Removal of Bank Fixation | Bergen]] which is located just upstream. No pre-project data on fish was gathered, thus it is impossible to determine the effect of the measure on the fish population.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry bank flora====<br />
No rare plant species were found. This is likely caused by the high level of eutrophication in the soil due to past agricultural use. <br />
====Insects====<br />
Nine species of insects were found at the site. Three of these insect species are labeled as rare species. Before the measure a total of 14 species were found, none of these species were labeled as rare however.<br />
====Birds====<br />
The terrain is used intensively by the geese during their molting period. No rare bird species were found. The lack of rare bird species is identical to the situation prior to project implementation.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The measure has led to an increase in erosion of the banks. This erosion in turn leads to an increase of sediment availability to the river, though this is relatively minor. The erosion of the banks initially moved quite rapidly with a speed of up to 3 meters per year. However, due to the old stone depositions in the banks from the sixties and seventies the erosion speed has since slowed down locally. This is dependant upon the local presence or absence of the rock fillings in the bank. Due to the limited height of the bank no characteristic steep banks are formed. <br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring was carried out just prior to the project implementation in early 2006, this was done to establish a baseline situation for comparison. Bird monitoring were carried out by SOVON in 2002 for a different inventarisation. Post-project monitoring has been conducted in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. All monitoring is carried out by or under supervision of Rijkswaterstaat. This includes the monitoring of benthic invertebrates, macrophytes, dry bank flora, insects and birds. The physical and chemical state of the site is also monitored.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in such a way that the navigation on the river Meuse should not be affected by it. Even so, an increase in erosion of the banks will in time lead to channel bed sedimentation and thus potentially conflict with the function of the Meuse as a shipping route.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
====Monitoring====<br />
The total monitoring costs of the entire NVO project 141.000 euro/year <br />
====Individual project implementation cost====<br />
On average the removal of bank fixation in the entire NVO project costs 75.000 euro/km. This depends greatly on the type of bank fixation that is removed and the state of the fixation though.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
F.C.M. Kerkum, Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, [mailto:frans.kerkum@rws.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Aaijen e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_2009a.pdf | Monitoring plan for the current and future bank fixation removal projects in the Netherlands]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009b.pdf | Monitoring and evaluation report of the entire Nature Friendly Banks project (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers; NVO)]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009.pdf | Kerkum F.C.M., J. van Schie, R. Hoenjet, A. Knotters, B. Peters, I. Spierts; 2009. Monitoring en evaluatie van Natuur(vriendelijke)oevers Maas, deelrapportage 1 & monitoringsplan. Rijkswaterstaat, Waterdienst.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2006.pdf | Peters, B., 2006. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Monitoring 0-situatie 2006. Studie in opdracht van de Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2007.pdf | Peters, B.; 2007. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Deel 2. monitoring 2007, situatie na 1 jaar Studie in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="29" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="29" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Aaijen_-_Removal_of_Bank_FixationAaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation2010-06-28T12:08:19Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Aaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Aaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.5816565850817" lon="6.04054927825928" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.5816565850817, 6.04054927825928<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.581914, 6.040649<br />
51.581537, 6.040618<br />
51.580880, 6.040776<br />
51.579856, 6.040562<br />
51.579033, 6.040424<br />
51.578293, 6.040033<br />
51.578233, 6.041176<br />
51.579013, 6.041964<br />
51.581646, 6.041241<br />
51.582000, 6.041132<br />
51.581914, 6.040649<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="29" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Near the town of Aijen the bank fixation along a bank of the river Meuse was removed over a stretch of 400 meters. The goal of this measure was to allow natural river dynamics and bank formation to take place and through this stimulate nature development. The banks were monitored and erosion was apparent. However, the characteristic steep bank sides were not formed due to the relatively low height of the river bank. Also, erosion was impeded by remnant hard debris in the banks. The macrophytes show no response to the measure, the benthic invertebrates show a positive response to the measure. <br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The river Meuse is intensively used as a shipping route. As such the river is periodically deepened to make it possible for ships to sail through. This deepening leads to a decrease in natural hydromorphological dynamics in the river. To restore dynamics the bank fixation has been removed in a number of locations along the river Meuse. This is done in a project by the name of Nature-friendly Banks Meuse (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers Maas; NVO). One of these areas is the riverbank near the village of Aaijen. This is a stretch of 400m of river bank which was fixated with hard material. In the sixties and seventies the bank area was fortified with rock filling. Later on the banks were fortified with broken stone material. The adjacent area consists of rough pastures and has seen intensive agricultural use over the past few decades.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To counteract the loss of dynamics in the river Meuse the bank fixation was removed along the 400 meter stretch of the riverbank near Aaijen. This measure was taken as the reintroduction of erosion processes is thought to contribute to the occurrence of flora and fauna that is interesting from a nature perspective. Also, the actual work of removing the fixation is quick to carry out. After removal of the fixation natural processes are left to shape the riverbank.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Five common goals have been established for all the NVO projects.<br />
<br />
# Registering ecological and morphological changes in the banks.<br />
# Registering social affects of the measure; are other functions of the river damaged, is flood protection guarenteed?<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the quality demands of the WFD.<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the local policy goals; is the change caused by the measure conform the guiding image?<br />
# Determining what manner of nature friendly bank management is most effective.<br />
<br />
No specific goals were set for this project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
No macrophytes were found at this site. Locally Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea was encountered along the banks. This is similar to the situation prior to the removal of bank fixation. Macrophytes are not (yet) affected by the measure.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
A number of benthic invertebrate species and groups were found, 23 in total. This is an increase compared to the 19 species found before implementation of the measure. Also the number of invertebrates found at the site per species increased due to the measure.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site was not monitored for fish. It can be expected however that the site is comparable in fish composition and abundance as the site of [[Bergen - Removal of Bank Fixation | Bergen]] which is located just upstream. No pre-project data on fish was gathered, thus it is impossible to determine the effect of the measure on the fish population.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry bank flora====<br />
No rare plant species were found. This is likely caused by the high level of eutrophication in the soil due to past agricultural use. <br />
====Insects====<br />
Nine species of insects were found at the site. Three of these insect species are labeled as rare species. Before the measure a total of 14 species were found, none of these species were labeled as rare however.<br />
====Birds====<br />
The terrain is used intensively by the geese during their molting period. No rare bird species were found. The lack of rare bird species is identical to the situation prior to project implementation.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The measure has led to an increase in erosion of the banks. This erosion in turn leads to an increase of sediment availability to the river, though this is relatively minor. The erosion of the banks initially moved quite rapidly with a speed of up to 3 meters per year. However, due to the old stone depositions in the banks from the sixties and seventies the erosion speed has since slowed down locally. This is dependant upon the local presence or absence of the rock fillings in the bank. Due to the limited height of the bank no characteristic steep banks are formed. <br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring was carried out just prior to the project implementation in early 2006, this was done to establish a baseline situation for comparison. Bird monitoring were carried out by SOVON in 2002 for a different inventarisation. Post-project monitoring has been conducted in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. All monitoring is carried out by or under supervision of Rijkswaterstaat. This includes the monitoring of benthic invertebrates, macrophytes, dry bank flora, insects and birds. The physical and chemical state of the site is also monitored.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in such a way that the navigation on the river Meuse should not be affected by it. Even so, an increase in erosion of the banks will in time lead to channel bed sedimentation and thus potentially conflict with the function of the Meuse as a shipping route.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
====Monitoring====<br />
The total monitoring costs of the entire NVO project 141.000 euro/year <br />
====Individual project implementation cost====<br />
On average the removal of bank fixation in the entire NVO project costs 75.000 euro/km. This depends greatly on the type of bank fixation that is removed and the state of the fixation though.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
F.C.M. Kerkum, Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, [mailto:frans.kerkum@rws.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Aaijen e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_2009a.pdf | Monitoring plan for the current and future bank fixation removal projects in the Netherlands]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009b.pdf | Monitoring and evaluation report of the entire Nature Friendly Banks project (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers; NVO)]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009.pdf | Kerkum F.C.M., J. van Schie, R. Hoenjet, A. Knotters, B. Peters, I. Spierts; 2009. Monitoring en evaluatie van Natuur(vriendelijke)oevers Maas, deelrapportage 1 & monitoringsplan. Rijkswaterstaat, Waterdienst.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2006.pdf | Peters, B., 2006. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Monitoring 0-situatie 2006. Studie in opdracht van de Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2007.pdf | Peters, B.; 2007. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Deel 2. monitoring 2007, situatie na 1 jaar Studie in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="29" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="29" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Bergen_-_Removal_of_Bank_FixationBergen - Removal of Bank Fixation2010-06-28T09:22:23Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Bergen - Removal of Bank Fixation */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Bergen - Removal of Bank Fixation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.5928555703447" lon="6.03046417236328" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.5928555703447, 6.03046417236328<br />
4#FFC80A (#35FFFF0A)<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
51.597531, 6.027826<br />
51.595113, 6.029240<br />
51.594654, 6.030154<br />
51.593037, 6.032360<br />
51.590900, 6.035567<br />
51.590504, 6.033936<br />
51.591968, 6.031676<br />
51.593835, 6.029130<br />
51.595166, 6.027717<br />
51.596351, 6.026923<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="30" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Near the town of Bergen (NL) bank fixation was removed from the riverbanks of the river Meuse over a stretch of 1 kilometer. The project was monitored for both morphological effects as for biological response to this removal of bank fixation. The erosion of the banks and the formation of more natural geomorphological river bank structures seems to be well underway. The biotic response of the macrophytes and the benthic invertebrates to the measure is positive, though they vary greatly from in both species composition and diversity from a natural system. Fish were only monitored after the project was carried out. As such the effect of the measure on fish is unclear. <br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The river Meuse is intensively used as a shipping route. As such the river is periodically deepened to make it possible for ships to sail through. This deepening leads to a decrease in natural hydromorphological dynamics in the river. To restore dynamics the bank fixation has been removed in a number of locations along the river Meuse. This is done in a project by the name of Nature-friendly Banks Meuse (Natuurvriendelijke Oevers Maas; NVO)One of these areas is the riverbank just southwest of the village of Bergen. This is a stretch of one kilometer of river bank which was fixated with broken stone material. The adjacent area consists of old agricultural land which had not been managed for 4 years between 2003 and 2008. In 2008 part of the area was sown with a standard mixture of grass.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To counteract the loss of dynamics in the river Meuse the bank fixation was removed along the one kilometer stretch of the riverbank near Bergen. This measure was taken as the reintroduction of erosion processes is thought to contribute to the occurrence of flora and fauna that is interesting from a nature perspective. Also, the actual work of removing the fixation is quick to carry out. After removal of the fixation natural processes are left to shape the riverbank. The forest and shrub vegetation on the river bank was removed as well.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Five common goals have been established for all the NVO projects.<br />
<br />
# Registering ecological and morphological changes in the banks.<br />
# Registering social affects of the measure; are other functions of the river damaged, is flood protection guarenteed?<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the quality demands of the WFD.<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the local policy goals; is the change caused by the measure conform the guiding image?<br />
# Determining what manner of nature friendly bank management is most effective.<br />
<br />
No specific goals were set for this project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
A total of three species of macrophytes have been found in the area after the project was carried out. Prior to the project macrophytes were absent at the site. The measure has a positive effect on the macrophyte occurrence.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
A number of benthic invertebrate species and groups were found, 32 in total. Prior to the measure only 13 benthic invertebrates were found at the site. Though this is a clear increase in invertebrate abundance due to the measure it should be noted that the site still scores as inadequate for the WFD ecological status.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
No fish were monitored prior to the project implementation. As such it is hard to determine if the measure has had a positive effect on fish. Five species of fish were caught in springtime, of which one was a rheophilic fish. In fall 8 species of fish were caught, two of these were rheophilic. The abundance of fish was significantly higher in fall then in spring. Also, brood was only found during fall. <br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry bank flora====<br />
Two rare plant species were found. The overall vegetation has changed slightly, likely due to natural succession. The rare species also occurred in the area prior to the measure being implemented. Their abundance has increased however, leading to a positive effect of the measure on the dry bank flora.<br />
====Insects====<br />
Nine species of insects were found at the site. Three of these insect species are labeled as rare species. Compared to the 14 species encountered prior to the project implementation this is a clear decrease in species diversity. The rare species have remained the same. It seems that the measure has a negative effect on insect diversity.<br />
====Birds====<br />
A number of rare bird territories have been discovered in the area. They remain limited still, but compared to the situation prior to the measure, where no rare birds were found, a positive effect can be discerned. <br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The measure has led to an increase in erosion of the banks. This erosion in turn leads to an increase of sediment availability to the river, though this is relatively minor. The erosion of the banks initially moved quite rapidly with a speed of up to 6 meters per year. It is expected that the bank erosion will eventually slow down and become more stable. Characteristics steep banks have formed in the area. <br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring was carried out just prior to the project implementation in early 2006, this was done to establish a baseline situation for comparison. Bird monitoring were carried out by SOVON in 2004. It should be noted that no data on fish is available from before implementation of the project. Post-project monitoring has been conducted in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. All monitoring is carried out by Rijkswaterstaat. This includes the monitoring of benthic invertebrates, macrophytes, fish, dry bank flora, insects and birds. The physical and chemical state of the site is also monitored.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in such a way that the shipping traffic on the river Meuse should not be affected by it. Even so, an increase in erosion of the banks will in time lead to channel bed sedimentation and thus potentially conflict with the function of the Meuse as a shipping route.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
====Monitoring====<br />
The total monitoring costs of the entire NVO project 141.000 euro/year <br />
====Individual project implementation cost====<br />
On average the removal of bank fixation in the entire NVO project costs 75.000 euro/km. This depends greatly on the type of bank fixation that is removed and the state of the fixation though. <br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
F.C.M. Kerkum, Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, [mailto:frans.kerkum@rws.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Bergen e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_2009a.pdf | Monitoring plan for the current and future bank fixation removal projects in the Netherlands]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009b.pdf | Monitoring and evaluation report of the entire Nature Friendly Banks project (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers; NVO)]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009.pdf | Kerkum F.C.M., J. van Schie, R. Hoenjet, A. Knotters, B. Peters, I. Spierts; 2009. Monitoring en evaluatie van Natuur(vriendelijke)oevers Maas, deelrapportage 1 & monitoringsplan. Rijkswaterstaat, Waterdienst.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2006.pdf | Peters, B., 2006. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Monitoring 0-situatie 2006. Studie in opdracht van de Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2007.pdf | Peters, B.; 2007. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Deel 2. monitoring 2007, situatie na 1 jaar Studie in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="30" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="30" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Bergen_-_Removal_of_Bank_FixationBergen - Removal of Bank Fixation2010-06-28T09:04:11Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: </p>
<hr />
<div>=Bergen - Removal of Bank Fixation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.5928555703447" lon="6.03046417236328" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.5928555703447, 6.03046417236328<br />
6#0000FF (#1464FF75)<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
51.597531, 6.027826<br />
51.595113, 6.029240<br />
51.594654, 6.030154<br />
51.593037, 6.032360<br />
51.590900, 6.035567<br />
51.590504, 6.033936<br />
51.591968, 6.031676<br />
51.593835, 6.029130<br />
51.595166, 6.027717<br />
51.596351, 6.026923<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="30" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Near the town of Bergen (NL) bank fixation was removed from the riverbanks of the river Meuse over a stretch of 1 kilometer. The project was monitored for both morphological effects as for biological response to this removal of bank fixation. The erosion of the banks and the formation of more natural geomorphological river bank structures seems to be well underway. The biotic response of the macrophytes and the benthic invertebrates to the measure is positive, though they vary greatly from in both species composition and diversity from a natural system. Fish were only monitored after the project was carried out. As such the effect of the measure on fish is unclear. <br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The river Meuse is intensively used as a shipping route. As such the river is periodically deepened to make it possible for ships to sail through. This deepening leads to a decrease in natural hydromorphological dynamics in the river. To restore dynamics the bank fixation has been removed in a number of locations along the river Meuse. This is done in a project by the name of Nature-friendly Banks Meuse (Natuurvriendelijke Oevers Maas; NVO)One of these areas is the riverbank just southwest of the village of Bergen. This is a stretch of one kilometer of river bank which was fixated with broken stone material. The adjacent area consists of old agricultural land which had not been managed for 4 years between 2003 and 2008. In 2008 part of the area was sown with a standard mixture of grass.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To counteract the loss of dynamics in the river Meuse the bank fixation was removed along the one kilometer stretch of the riverbank near Bergen. This measure was taken as the reintroduction of erosion processes is thought to contribute to the occurrence of flora and fauna that is interesting from a nature perspective. Also, the actual work of removing the fixation is quick to carry out. After removal of the fixation natural processes are left to shape the riverbank. The forest and shrub vegetation on the river bank was removed as well.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Five common goals have been established for all the NVO projects.<br />
<br />
# Registering ecological and morphological changes in the banks.<br />
# Registering social affects of the measure; are other functions of the river damaged, is flood protection guarenteed?<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the quality demands of the WFD.<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the local policy goals; is the change caused by the measure conform the guiding image?<br />
# Determining what manner of nature friendly bank management is most effective.<br />
<br />
No specific goals were set for this project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
A total of three species of macrophytes have been found in the area after the project was carried out. Prior to the project macrophytes were absent at the site. The measure has a positive effect on the macrophyte occurrence.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
A number of benthic invertebrate species and groups were found, 32 in total. Prior to the measure only 13 benthic invertebrates were found at the site. Though this is a clear increase in invertebrate abundance due to the measure it should be noted that the site still scores as inadequate for the WFD ecological status.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
No fish were monitored prior to the project implementation. As such it is hard to determine if the measure has had a positive effect on fish. Five species of fish were caught in springtime, of which one was a rheophilic fish. In fall 8 species of fish were caught, two of these were rheophilic. The abundance of fish was significantly higher in fall then in spring. Also, brood was only found during fall. <br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry bank flora====<br />
Two rare plant species were found. The overall vegetation has changed slightly, likely due to natural succession. The rare species also occurred in the area prior to the measure being implemented. Their abundance has increased however, leading to a positive effect of the measure on the dry bank flora.<br />
====Insects====<br />
Nine species of insects were found at the site. Three of these insect species are labeled as rare species. Compared to the 14 species encountered prior to the project implementation this is a clear decrease in species diversity. The rare species have remained the same. It seems that the measure has a negative effect on insect diversity.<br />
====Birds====<br />
A number of rare bird territories have been discovered in the area. They remain limited still, but compared to the situation prior to the measure, where no rare birds were found, a positive effect can be discerned. <br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The measure has led to an increase in erosion of the banks. This erosion in turn leads to an increase of sediment availability to the river, though this is relatively minor. The erosion of the banks initially moved quite rapidly with a speed of up to 6 meters per year. It is expected that the bank erosion will eventually slow down and become more stable. Characteristics steep banks have formed in the area. <br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring was carried out just prior to the project implementation in early 2006, this was done to establish a baseline situation for comparison. Bird monitoring were carried out by SOVON in 2004. It should be noted that no data on fish is available from before implementation of the project. Post-project monitoring has been conducted in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. All monitoring is carried out by Rijkswaterstaat. This includes the monitoring of benthic invertebrates, macrophytes, fish, dry bank flora, insects and birds. The physical and chemical state of the site is also monitored.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in such a way that the shipping traffic on the river Meuse should not be affected by it. Even so, an increase in erosion of the banks will in time lead to channel bed sedimentation and thus potentially conflict with the function of the Meuse as a shipping route.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
====Monitoring====<br />
The total monitoring costs of the entire NVO project 141.000 euro/year <br />
====Individual project implementation cost====<br />
On average the removal of bank fixation in the entire NVO project costs 75.000 euro/km. This depends greatly on the type of bank fixation that is removed and the state of the fixation though. <br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
F.C.M. Kerkum, Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, [mailto:frans.kerkum@rws.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Bergen e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_2009a.pdf | Monitoring plan for the current and future bank fixation removal projects in the Netherlands]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009b.pdf | Monitoring and evaluation report of the entire Nature Friendly Banks project (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers; NVO)]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009.pdf | Kerkum F.C.M., J. van Schie, R. Hoenjet, A. Knotters, B. Peters, I. Spierts; 2009. Monitoring en evaluatie van Natuur(vriendelijke)oevers Maas, deelrapportage 1 & monitoringsplan. Rijkswaterstaat, Waterdienst.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2006.pdf | Peters, B., 2006. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Monitoring 0-situatie 2006. Studie in opdracht van de Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2007.pdf | Peters, B.; 2007. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Deel 2. monitoring 2007, situatie na 1 jaar Studie in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="30" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="30" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Bergen_-_Removal_of_Bank_FixationBergen - Removal of Bank Fixation2010-06-28T08:54:11Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: </p>
<hr />
<div>=Bergen - Removal of Bank Fixation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.5928555703447" lon="6.03046417236328" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.5928555703447, 6.03046417236328<br />
6#FFC57575 (#66C57575)<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
51.597531, 6.027826<br />
51.595113, 6.029240<br />
51.594654, 6.030154<br />
51.593037, 6.032360<br />
51.590900, 6.035567<br />
51.590504, 6.033936<br />
51.591968, 6.031676<br />
51.593835, 6.029130<br />
51.595166, 6.027717<br />
51.596351, 6.026923<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="30" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Near the town of Bergen (NL) bank fixation was removed from the riverbanks of the river Meuse over a stretch of 1 kilometer. The project was monitored for both morphological effects as for biological response to this removal of bank fixation. The erosion of the banks and the formation of more natural geomorphological river bank structures seems to be well underway. The biotic response of the macrophytes and the benthic invertebrates to the measure is positive, though they vary greatly from in both species composition and diversity from a natural system. Fish were only monitored after the project was carried out. As such the effect of the measure on fish is unclear. <br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The river Meuse is intensively used as a shipping route. As such the river is periodically deepened to make it possible for ships to sail through. This deepening leads to a decrease in natural hydromorphological dynamics in the river. To restore dynamics the bank fixation has been removed in a number of locations along the river Meuse. This is done in a project by the name of Nature-friendly Banks Meuse (Natuurvriendelijke Oevers Maas; NVO)One of these areas is the riverbank just southwest of the village of Bergen. This is a stretch of one kilometer of river bank which was fixated with broken stone material. The adjacent area consists of old agricultural land which had not been managed for 4 years between 2003 and 2008. In 2008 part of the area was sown with a standard mixture of grass.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To counteract the loss of dynamics in the river Meuse the bank fixation was removed along the one kilometer stretch of the riverbank near Bergen. This measure was taken as the reintroduction of erosion processes is thought to contribute to the occurrence of flora and fauna that is interesting from a nature perspective. Also, the actual work of removing the fixation is quick to carry out. After removal of the fixation natural processes are left to shape the riverbank. The forest and shrub vegetation on the river bank was removed as well.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Five common goals have been established for all the NVO projects.<br />
<br />
# Registering ecological and morphological changes in the banks.<br />
# Registering social affects of the measure; are other functions of the river damaged, is flood protection guarenteed?<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the quality demands of the WFD.<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the local policy goals; is the change caused by the measure conform the guiding image?<br />
# Determining what manner of nature friendly bank management is most effective.<br />
<br />
No specific goals were set for this project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
A total of three species of macrophytes have been found in the area after the project was carried out. Prior to the project macrophytes were absent at the site. The measure has a positive effect on the macrophyte occurrence.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
A number of benthic invertebrate species and groups were found, 32 in total. Prior to the measure only 13 benthic invertebrates were found at the site. Though this is a clear increase in invertebrate abundance due to the measure it should be noted that the site still scores as inadequate for the WFD ecological status.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
No fish were monitored prior to the project implementation. As such it is hard to determine if the measure has had a positive effect on fish. Five species of fish were caught in springtime, of which one was a rheophilic fish. In fall 8 species of fish were caught, two of these were rheophilic. The abundance of fish was significantly higher in fall then in spring. Also, brood was only found during fall. <br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry bank flora====<br />
Two rare plant species were found. The overall vegetation has changed slightly, likely due to natural succession. The rare species also occurred in the area prior to the measure being implemented. Their abundance has increased however, leading to a positive effect of the measure on the dry bank flora.<br />
====Insects====<br />
Nine species of insects were found at the site. Three of these insect species are labeled as rare species. Compared to the 14 species encountered prior to the project implementation this is a clear decrease in species diversity. The rare species have remained the same. It seems that the measure has a negative effect on insect diversity.<br />
====Birds====<br />
A number of rare bird territories have been discovered in the area. They remain limited still, but compared to the situation prior to the measure, where no rare birds were found, a positive effect can be discerned. <br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The measure has led to an increase in erosion of the banks. This erosion in turn leads to an increase of sediment availability to the river, though this is relatively minor. The erosion of the banks initially moved quite rapidly with a speed of up to 6 meters per year. It is expected that the bank erosion will eventually slow down and become more stable. Characteristics steep banks have formed in the area. <br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring was carried out just prior to the project implementation in early 2006, this was done to establish a baseline situation for comparison. Bird monitoring were carried out by SOVON in 2004. It should be noted that no data on fish is available from before implementation of the project. Post-project monitoring has been conducted in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. All monitoring is carried out by Rijkswaterstaat. This includes the monitoring of benthic invertebrates, macrophytes, fish, dry bank flora, insects and birds. The physical and chemical state of the site is also monitored.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in such a way that the shipping traffic on the river Meuse should not be affected by it. Even so, an increase in erosion of the banks will in time lead to channel bed sedimentation and thus potentially conflict with the function of the Meuse as a shipping route.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
====Monitoring====<br />
The total monitoring costs of the entire NVO project 141.000 euro/year <br />
====Individual project implementation cost====<br />
On average the removal of bank fixation in the entire NVO project costs 75.000 euro/km. This depends greatly on the type of bank fixation that is removed and the state of the fixation though. <br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
F.C.M. Kerkum, Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, [mailto:frans.kerkum@rws.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Bergen e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_2009a.pdf | Monitoring plan for the current and future bank fixation removal projects in the Netherlands]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009b.pdf | Monitoring and evaluation report of the entire Nature Friendly Banks project (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers; NVO)]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009.pdf | Kerkum F.C.M., J. van Schie, R. Hoenjet, A. Knotters, B. Peters, I. Spierts; 2009. Monitoring en evaluatie van Natuur(vriendelijke)oevers Maas, deelrapportage 1 & monitoringsplan. Rijkswaterstaat, Waterdienst.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2006.pdf | Peters, B., 2006. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Monitoring 0-situatie 2006. Studie in opdracht van de Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2007.pdf | Peters, B.; 2007. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Deel 2. monitoring 2007, situatie na 1 jaar Studie in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="30" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="30" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Aaijen_-_Removal_of_Bank_FixationAaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation2010-06-28T08:52:19Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Aaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Aaijen - Removal of Bank Fixation=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.5816565850817" lon="6.04054927825928" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.5816565850817, 6.04054927825928<br />
6#FFC57575 (#66C57575)<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
51.597531, 6.027826<br />
51.595113, 6.029240<br />
51.594654, 6.030154<br />
51.593037, 6.032360<br />
51.590900, 6.035567<br />
51.590504, 6.033936<br />
51.591968, 6.031676<br />
51.593835, 6.029130<br />
51.595166, 6.027717<br />
51.596351, 6.026923<br />
51.596992, 6.026709<br />
</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="29" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
Near the town of Aijen the bank fixation along a bank of the river Meuse was removed over a stretch of 400 meters. The goal of this measure was to allow natural river dynamics and bank formation to take place and through this stimulate nature development. The banks were monitored and erosion was apparent. However, the characteristic steep bank sides were not formed due to the relatively low height of the river bank. Also, erosion was impeded by remnant hard debris in the banks. The macrophytes show no response to the measure, the benthic invertebrates show a positive response to the measure. <br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The river Meuse is intensively used as a shipping route. As such the river is periodically deepened to make it possible for ships to sail through. This deepening leads to a decrease in natural hydromorphological dynamics in the river. To restore dynamics the bank fixation has been removed in a number of locations along the river Meuse. This is done in a project by the name of Nature-friendly Banks Meuse (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers Maas; NVO). One of these areas is the riverbank near the village of Aaijen. This is a stretch of 400m of river bank which was fixated with hard material. In the sixties and seventies the bank area was fortified with rock filling. Later on the banks were fortified with broken stone material. The adjacent area consists of rough pastures and has seen intensive agricultural use over the past few decades.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
To counteract the loss of dynamics in the river Meuse the bank fixation was removed along the 400 meter stretch of the riverbank near Aaijen. This measure was taken as the reintroduction of erosion processes is thought to contribute to the occurrence of flora and fauna that is interesting from a nature perspective. Also, the actual work of removing the fixation is quick to carry out. After removal of the fixation natural processes are left to shape the riverbank.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
Five common goals have been established for all the NVO projects.<br />
<br />
# Registering ecological and morphological changes in the banks.<br />
# Registering social affects of the measure; are other functions of the river damaged, is flood protection guarenteed?<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the quality demands of the WFD.<br />
# Determining if the measure contributes to the local policy goals; is the change caused by the measure conform the guiding image?<br />
# Determining what manner of nature friendly bank management is most effective.<br />
<br />
No specific goals were set for this project.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
No macrophytes were found at this site. Locally Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea was encountered along the banks. This is similar to the situation prior to the removal of bank fixation. Macrophytes are not (yet) affected by the measure.<br />
<br />
===Benthic Invertebrates===<br />
A number of benthic invertebrate species and groups were found, 23 in total. This is an increase compared to the 19 species found before implementation of the measure. Also the number of invertebrates found at the site per species increased due to the measure.<br />
<br />
===Fish=== <br />
The site was not monitored for fish. It can be expected however that the site is comparable in fish composition and abundance as the site of [[Bergen - Removal of Bank Fixation | Bergen]] which is located just upstream. No pre-project data on fish was gathered, thus it is impossible to determine the effect of the measure on the fish population.<br />
<br />
===Other biota=== <br />
====Dry bank flora====<br />
No rare plant species were found. This is likely caused by the high level of eutrophication in the soil due to past agricultural use. <br />
====Insects====<br />
Nine species of insects were found at the site. Three of these insect species are labeled as rare species. Before the measure a total of 14 species were found, none of these species were labeled as rare however.<br />
====Birds====<br />
The terrain is used intensively by the geese during their molting period. No rare bird species were found. The lack of rare bird species is identical to the situation prior to project implementation.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The measure has led to an increase in erosion of the banks. This erosion in turn leads to an increase of sediment availability to the river, though this is relatively minor. The erosion of the banks initially moved quite rapidly with a speed of up to 3 meters per year. However, due to the old stone depositions in the banks from the sixties and seventies the erosion speed has since slowed down locally. This is dependant upon the local presence or absence of the rock fillings in the bank. Due to the limited height of the bank no characteristic steep banks are formed. <br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring was carried out just prior to the project implementation in early 2006, this was done to establish a baseline situation for comparison. Bird monitoring were carried out by SOVON in 2002 for a different inventarisation. Post-project monitoring has been conducted in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. All monitoring is carried out by or under supervision of Rijkswaterstaat. This includes the monitoring of benthic invertebrates, macrophytes, dry bank flora, insects and birds. The physical and chemical state of the site is also monitored.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods and services=== <br />
Not affected.<br />
<br />
===Conflicts and synergies=== <br />
This project was carried out in such a way that the navigation on the river Meuse should not be affected by it. Even so, an increase in erosion of the banks will in time lead to channel bed sedimentation and thus potentially conflict with the function of the Meuse as a shipping route.<br />
<br />
===Project costs=== <br />
====Monitoring====<br />
The total monitoring costs of the entire NVO project 141.000 euro/year <br />
====Individual project implementation cost====<br />
On average the removal of bank fixation in the entire NVO project costs 75.000 euro/km. This depends greatly on the type of bank fixation that is removed and the state of the fixation though.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
F.C.M. Kerkum, Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, [mailto:frans.kerkum@rws.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Aaijen e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
* [[Media:RWS_2009a.pdf | Monitoring plan for the current and future bank fixation removal projects in the Netherlands]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009b.pdf | Monitoring and evaluation report of the entire Nature Friendly Banks project (Natuur(vriende)lijke Oevers; NVO)]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
* [[Media:Kerkum_2009.pdf | Kerkum F.C.M., J. van Schie, R. Hoenjet, A. Knotters, B. Peters, I. Spierts; 2009. Monitoring en evaluatie van Natuur(vriendelijke)oevers Maas, deelrapportage 1 & monitoringsplan. Rijkswaterstaat, Waterdienst.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2006.pdf | Peters, B., 2006. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Monitoring 0-situatie 2006. Studie in opdracht van de Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
* [[Media:Peters_2007.pdf | Peters, B.; 2007. Proefproject Vrij Eroderende Oevers langs de Maas, locaties Bergen, Aijen en De Waerd. Deel 2. monitoring 2007, situatie na 1 jaar Studie in opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat Maaswerken. Bureau Drift, Berg en Dal.]] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="29" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="29" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]] [[Category:Macrophytes and phytobenthos]] [[Category:Benthic invertebrates]] [[Category:Fish]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T13:07:36Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Costs */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro. This includes the costs of land acquisition.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Loket Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://maaswerken.nl/main.php/Tracebesluit_14blokken.pdf?cm=129_1wh9so1_RW5l6TWDr1cTvu&fl_id=199&inst_id=197 Tracébesluit Zandmaas/Maasroute] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://bureaudrift.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/2006-ecol-kansprojecten-maasdal-eindrapport-6-11-061.pdf report on promising projects in the Meuse corridor] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/Rijkelse_bemden_rl.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Gebiedsrapport 3, Zandmaas. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/Images/Bijlage%20Achtste%20Voortgangsrapportage%20Zandmaas%20en%20Grensmaas%20-%20%20%20%20www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl%20cend%20bsg_tcm195-135090.pdf Werken aan de Maas van morgen; 2005. 8e voortgangsrapportage Zandmaas en Grensmaas, 1 januari – 30 juni 2005. DMW/2005/4294] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T13:05:25Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Loket Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://maaswerken.nl/main.php/Tracebesluit_14blokken.pdf?cm=129_1wh9so1_RW5l6TWDr1cTvu&fl_id=199&inst_id=197 Tracébesluit Zandmaas/Maasroute] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://bureaudrift.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/2006-ecol-kansprojecten-maasdal-eindrapport-6-11-061.pdf report on promising projects in the Meuse corridor] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/Rijkelse_bemden_rl.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Gebiedsrapport 3, Zandmaas. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/Images/Bijlage%20Achtste%20Voortgangsrapportage%20Zandmaas%20en%20Grensmaas%20-%20%20%20%20www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl%20cend%20bsg_tcm195-135090.pdf Werken aan de Maas van morgen; 2005. 8e voortgangsrapportage Zandmaas en Grensmaas, 1 januari – 30 juni 2005. DMW/2005/4294] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T13:00:38Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Loket Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://maaswerken.nl/main.php/Tracebesluit_14blokken.pdf?cm=129_1wh9so1_RW5l6TWDr1cTvu&fl_id=199&inst_id=197 Tracébesluit Zandmaas/Maasroute] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://bureaudrift.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/2006-ecol-kansprojecten-maasdal-eindrapport-6-11-061.pdf report on promising projects in the Meuse corridor] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.maasinbeeld.nl/publicaties/Rijkelse_bemden_rl.pdf Peters B., Kurstjens G. & Calle P.; 2007. Maas in Beeld; Gebiedsrapport 3, Zandmaas. Uit: Maas in Beeld tussenrapport 2006. Kurstjens Ecologisch Advies; Beek-Ubbergen/Burea Drift; Berg & Dal.] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T12:54:34Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Extra background information */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Loket Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
*[http://maaswerken.nl/main.php/Tracebesluit_14blokken.pdf?cm=129_1wh9so1_RW5l6TWDr1cTvu&fl_id=199&inst_id=197 Tracébesluit Zandmaas/Maasroute] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
*[http://bureaudrift.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/2006-ecol-kansprojecten-maasdal-eindrapport-6-11-061.pdf report on promising projects in the Meuse corridor] <sub>(<i>language:</i> dutch)</sub><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T12:43:37Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Contact person within the organization */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Loket Maaswerken [mailto:loket@maaswerken.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T12:20:30Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Contact person within the organization */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Meander Consultancy & Research [mailto:info@meander-advies.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T12:20:09Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Contact person within the organization */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
Meander, Consultancy & Research [mailto:info@meander-advies.nl?subject=FORECASTER:%20project%20Rijkelse%20Bemden e-mail]<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T11:50:27Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Monitoring before and after implementation of the project */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
Monitoring data on the project was collected for the Maas in Beeld project. In this project the hydromorphological monitoring was carried out. Also, vegetation data was collected. Historical vegetation data exists in the archives of FLORON and the regional province of Limburg. For fish data is available with the NHGL. Bird data is the property of the regional province of Limburg that monitor the site for a regional project: broedvogelonderzoek Zuidelijk Maasdal.<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T11:36:42Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Hydromorphological response */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
The hydrological regime in the area has been modified somewhat by the widening of the river channel by 40 metres. The hydrology of the lake area is characterised by flooding during high discharge conditions. Also, locally some upwelling takes place from higher terraces, creating locally different circumstances and habitat conditions.<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
The morphological changes in the lake can be affected by natural dynamics. As the water is largely static in the area sedimentation takes place which slowly fills up the lake. The river channel itself is less dynamic. Banks are fixated, severing the natural erosive and sedimentation processes. This is unlikely to change however, as the river is used for navigational purposes.<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T11:09:27Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Hydromorphological response */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
===Hydrological regime===<br />
<br />
<br />
===River continuity=== <br />
Unaffected<br />
<br />
===Morphological conditions===<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-25T10:39:41Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Ecological response */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
===Macrophytes and phytobenthos===<br />
The area has been investigated for macrophytes. Macrophytes occurred only sporadically in the lake. This is most likely related to the depth of the lake and the relatively recent physical alteration of the system by the deposition of bank material from the Meuse widening. <br />
<br />
===Benthic invertebrates===<br />
Not monitored.<br />
<br />
===Fish===<br />
No structural fish monitoring has been carried out for the lake. In the main channel a normal species composition of fish has been found in the 90's. It is expected that the lake will serve as a spawning and rearing ground for limnophilic fish species.<br />
<br />
===Other biota===<br />
====Vegetation====<br />
The flora in the area has developed very well since the restoration has started. A characteristic vegetation for the local circumstances on site has developed with a somewhat higher diversity compared to the pre-restoration period and a much higher diversity than can be found in nearby, non-restored, areas. Also, due to the work on the banks chances were created for pioneer species to settle in the area, leading to a greater overall diversity in plant species in the area. Rare or protected species in the area are quite common in the area as well. In fact the area has more red list species than ever before in the known history of vegetation data of the area. <br />
====Birds====<br />
The area has a history of bird monitoring in a number of regional projects. Comparison of pre- and post-project data shows that the territories have the breeding birds have expanded and that a number of new species have visited the area over the past years. Also, there have been a few sightings of rare and/or protected species in the area.<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T13:27:38Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Success criteria */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
No clear criteria were formulated for the area.<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T12:54:02Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Measures selection */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as an area for nature development and work was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake. The bank area was added to the area and a number of islands of differing sizes were made along the banks of the lake. Also a few pools were dug. All of this was done to create a greater diversity in available habitats and thus increase biotic diversity. <br />
Between 1998 and 2001 the Meuse was widened for the Project Zandmaas, a project striving to restore some of the natural characteristics of the Meuse while improving the flood protection for the nearby inhabited areas. This was also done near the Rijkelse Bemden. The river was widened by 40 meters, giving it more room and thereby a higher capacity during peak discharges. The sediment material that became available from this exercise was used on the banks and in the lake of the Rijkelse Bemden, creating more natural banks and locally making the lake more shallow. The entrance to the lake was closed off by means of a buoy line to minimize disturbance in the lake by recreational activity.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T12:35:52Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Site description */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a lake forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the lake have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as a nature area and natural development was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T12:35:30Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Measures selection */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a pool forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the pool have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
In 1996 the area was designated as a nature area and natural development was started on the spit between the river channel and the lake.<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T12:16:29Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Site description */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
From 1965 to 1985 the area was used as a source of sand and gravel and was mined intensively. This led to a pool forming in the area which filled up with water. The banks of the pool have been used from 1985 onward as low-intensive agricultural land.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T12:12:46Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Site description */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
The area of Rijkelse Bemden is situated along the river Meuse and is an area that historically consisted of two river terraces. The area was predominantly used as grassland with a low-intensity agricultural purpose. Parts of the area were used for as an orchard. Around 1950 the Meuse was straightened and canalized in this region. As a result a number of gravel bars and small islands which were previously present in the channel and floodplain area disappeared. The banks of the river were also fixated.<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T08:38:51Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: /* Socio-economic aspects */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
===Ecosystem goods & services===<br />
Gravel, sand and clay mining (historical).<br />
<br />
===Synergies and conflicts===<br />
The project was carried out to increase the room for the river and thereby improve flood protection during high discharges. At the same time the clay and sand that was taken from the river bed widening was used in the banks of the Rijkelse Bemden. Locally it was also used to shallow the ponds in the area.<br />
<br />
===Costs===<br />
The total project of the river bed widening and restoration of the Rijkelse Bemden was estimated to cost 13 million euro.<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincxhttps://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php?title=Rijkelse_Bemden_-_River_bed_wideningRijkelse Bemden - River bed widening2010-06-24T08:35:58Z<p>Sven Teurlincx: New page: =Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening= <googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" contr...</p>
<hr />
<div>=Rijkelse Bemden - River bed widening=<br />
<br />
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="51.2620222720018" lon="6.01020812988281" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large"><br />
(A) 51.2620222720018, 6.01020812988281</googlemap> <br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="211" /><br />
<br />
==Key features of the case study==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Site description==<br />
<br />
==Measures selection==<br />
<br />
==Success criteria==<br />
<br />
==Ecological response==<br />
<br />
==Hydromorphological response==<br />
<br />
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==<br />
<br />
==Socio-economic aspects==<br />
<br />
==Contact person within the organization==<br />
<br />
==Extra background information==<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case_studies]]<br />
<br />
== Related Measures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getMeasuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
== Related Pressures ==<br />
<br />
<Forecasterlink type="getPressuresForProject" code="211" /><br />
<br />
[[Category:River depth and width variation]] [[Category:Structure and substrate of the river bed]] [[Category:Structure of the riparian zone]] [[Category:Structure of the floodplain]]</div>Sven Teurlincx