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=KUIVAJOKI=
 
  
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="65.68605" lon="25.634983" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large">
 
(A) 65.68605, 25.634983
 
</googlemap>
 
  
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="255" />
 
  
==Key features of the case study==
 
  
River Kuivajoki is a mid-sized lowland boreal river, with 970 km2 catchment area. The river is 46 km long and descends 89 metres from Lake Oijärvi to Bothnian Bay, northern part of the Baltic Sea.
+
=Kuivajoki - Hirvaskoski=
  
Lake Oijärvi is regulated for flood protection and for recreational use. From Lake Oijärvi, River Kuivajoki flows first 4 kilometers in two channels: in a natural channel and in an artificial regulation channel. At the upper part of the natural channel there is a submerged weir which may prevent fish migration during low water level. At the upper end of the regulation channel, there is a dam which is a migration barrier for fish.
+
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="65.68605" lon="25.63498" zoom="13" width="100%" height="400" scale="yes" overview="yes" toc="no" controls="large">
 +
(A) 65.68605, 25.63498
 +
</googlemap>
  
River Kuivajoki is included in the Salmon Action Plan by International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission aiming to re-establish wild salmon population in the river. Kuivajoki is protected from hydropower construction by the Finnish Act on the protection of rapids.
+
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectInfoBox" code="255" />
 
+
Water quality of the river is deteriorated due to human activities in the catchment. The main pressures in are peat mining, forestry and agriculture and municipal point sources.
+
  
 +
==Key features of the case study==
 +
River Kuivajoki is a mid-sized lowland boreal river that has been channelized for flood protection and timer floating as many Finish rivers. Moroever, water quality is low. Instream habitat conditions have been restored by boulder placement and riffle creation, which had a positive effect on habitat diversity, macrophytes, and macroinvertebrates. Restoration had no effect on fish, which were already in a good ecological status prior to restoration, and no obvious effect on spawning success. 
  
 
==Site description==
 
==Site description==
 +
River Kuivajoki is a mid-sized lowland boreal river, with 970 km2 catchment area. The river is 46 km long and descends 89 metres from Lake Oijärvi to Bothnian Bay, northern part of the Baltic Sea. The mean discharge at the site is 12.8 m³/s. In this section the Kuvajoki is a 4th order stream and is assigned to the fish region salmon-European bullhead. The river is included in the Salmon Action Plan by International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission aiming to re-establish wild salmon population in the river. Kuivajoki is protected from hydropower construction by the Finnish Act on the protection of rapids.
  
=Drivers, Pressures, Measures=
+
<gallery widths="180px">
 +
File:K_picture2.jpg|Non-restored river section
 +
File:K_picture1.jpg|Restored river section with boulders
 +
</gallery>
  
Fast-flowing riffle sections in Kuivajoki, as in most other Finnish rivers, were channelized to facilitate timber transport and for flood protection in early 1900s. Channelisation included removing boulders from the channel (Picture 3) which lead to loss of habitats and decreased heterogenity in stream flow patterns. Last timber was transported in Kuivajoki in 1954.
 
 
Restoration of channelised riffle sectionss started in Finland in 1970´s. Since then in total 2000 riffles and 1000 and breeding sites have been restored. The goals were to return the natural morphology of the streams and to create natural current conditions especially to enable breeding and migration of salmonid fish.
 
 
In Kuivajoki, altogether about 5 km of the river (consisting of multiple riffle sections in the river) were restored  in early 2000s. The stream bottom was rearranged using boulders were removed from the channel and placed along stream margins during channelization. Also gravel beds were created to provide nursery habitat for salmonids. The funding for the restorations came from regional water boards.
 
 
Also the regulation of Lake Oijärvi has been developed to prevent the drying of the natural stream at upper parts of Kuivajoki (where Oijärvi flows to Kuivajoki) and to enable the migration of fish at all water levels.
 
 
Riffles in upper part of Kuivajoki river are still channelized. Kuivajoki was chosen as a REFORM case study
 
because it is among the few rivers in Finland that still had non-restored degraded upstream control sites to meet the study design of REFORM WP4. Kalliokoski is one of the channelized riffle sites and it is the  non-restored degraded control site in WP4 case study (Picture 2). Hirvaskoski is one of the riffle sections in River Kuivajoki where restoration measures were conducted and it is the restored site in WP4 case study (Picture 1).
 
 
[[File:K_picture1.jpg]]
 
The restored riffle section Hirvaskoski at River Kuivajoki. Most of the boulders that were removed from the river during channelisation were placed back in early 2000s to create more heterogenous habitat for the stream biota.
 
 
[[File:K_picture2.jpg]]
 
 
The non-restored riffles lack heterogenous flow pattern of the natural riffle sections.
 
 
[[File:K_picture3.jpg]]
 
 
During channelisation for timber transport boulders were removed from the river channel and placed at the banks where they still remain (photo from non-restored Hirvaskoski 2012).
 
  
 +
==Drivers and pressures==
 +
Fast-flowing riffle sections in the Kuivajoki river, as in most other Finnish rivers, were channelized to facilitate timber transport and for flood protection in the early 1900's. Channelisation included removing boulders from the channel which lead to loss of habitats and decreased heterogenity in stream flow patterns. These boulders were placed along the river banks where they are still present. Last timber was transported in the Kuivajoki river in 1954. Furthermore, water quality of the river is deteriorated due to human activities in the catchment. The main pressures in are peat mining, forestry and agriculture and municipal point sources.
  
  
 
==Measures selection==
 
==Measures selection==
 +
Restoration of channelised riffle sections started in Finland in the 1970's. Since then, in total 2000 riffles and 1000 breeding sites have been restored. In the Kuivajoki river, altogether about 5 km of the river (consisting of multiple riffle sections in the river) were restored in the early 2000's. The stream bottom was rearranged using boulders which were removed from the channel and placed along stream margins during channelization. Also gravel beds were created to provide nursery habitat for salmonids. Hirvaskoski is one of these riffle sections in Kuivajoki river where restoration measures were conducted. Riffles in the upper part of Kuivajoki river are still channelized. The funding for the restorations came from regional water boards.
  
Information can be found under "site description".
+
Also the regulation of Lake Oijärvi has been developed to prevent the drying of the natural stream in the upper parts of the Kuivajoki river and to enable the migration of fish throughout the year.  
  
 
==Success criteria==
 
==Success criteria==
 +
The objectives were to restore natural current conditions and morphology of the stream and to enable breeding and migration of salmonid fish.
  
 
==Ecological response==
 
==Ecological response==
 +
Periphyton indicated a good ecological status in 2006-2012 (EQR 0,67).
  
Electrofishing was done at Kuivajoki at 13 sites in 2003 after the restorations. Both salmon (Salmo salar, frequency 10/13) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus, frequency 7/13) were caught. However, all salmon individuals were older than one year and the age class 0+ was missing which indicates that natural breeding may not happen. The catch had also perch (Perca fluviatilis, frequency 9/13) and roach (Rutilus rutilus, frequency 4/13). The fish showed good quality class in 2003. The results in 2003 were similar to results from years 1999-2007. In 2006-2009 28 fish sites were monitored. The monitoring indicated good status of the fish communities and no change to the previous results (EQR = 0,77).
+
Fish: Electrofishing was conducted at 13 sites in 2003 after restoration. Both salmon (Salmo salar, frequency 10/13) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus, frequency 7/13) were caught. However, all salmon individuals were older than one year and the age class 0+ was missing, indicating that natural breeding may not happen. The catch had also perch (Perca fluviatilis, frequency 9/13) and roach (Rutilus rutilus, frequency 4/13). In summary, fish indicated a good ecolgoical status in 2003, similar to electrofishing results from previous and the following years (1999-2009).  
Macroinvertebrates from restored Hirvaskoski and Soininkoski were assessed to be in good quality class in 2006. Based on samples 2009 and 2012 Hirvaskoski was placed in status class high ( EQR = 0,843). Also periphyton indicated good quality status in 2006-2012 (EQR 0,67).
+
  
==Water quality response==
+
Macrophytes: Especially bryophyte abundance was higher in the restored section (see figure below), which are important for the functioning of boreal streams because they provide habitats for other biota, trap sediment and serve as a feeding area for aquatic insects. However, total species richness of macrophytes was lower in the restored section.
  
After the restorations (period 2000-2007) total phosphorus concentration, minimum pH and total nitrogen indicated good status. In 2006-2012 total phosphorus indicated moderate status, whereas minimum pH and nitrogen indicated good class. Water quality is degraded likely by eight peat mining areas and a wastewater treatment plant.
+
Macroinvertebrates showed no clear differences between the restored and unrestored sections (see figure below). However, the ecological status of the restored section changed from good ecological status in 2006 to an even high ecological status (EQR = 0.843) in 2009 and 2012. Since similar data before restoration are missing for the degraded control section, it is difficult to assess if this positive change in the restored section is due to restoration or an overall trend in the river or catchment (e.g. due to improved water quality). This stresses the need for a full BACI monitoring design (Before-After-Control-Impact). However, since water quality did not improve and rather slightly worsened (see paragraph on water quality below), this might indeed have been a positive effect of restoration.
 +
 
 +
After restoration (2000-2006) total phosphorus concentration, minimum pH and total nitrogen indicated good status. In the period of 2006-2012 water quality slightly worsened and total phosphorus indicated a moderate status, whereas minimum pH and nitrogen still indicated a good chemical status. Water quality is probably degraded by the eight peat mining areas and a wastewater treatment plant in the catchment.
 +
 
 +
<gallery widths="180px">
 +
File:K_result_mp.jpg|Higher abundance of bryophytes in the restored section
 +
File:K_result_inverts.jpg|No difference between restored and degraded section in respect to macroinvertebrates
 +
</gallery>
  
 
[[File:K_table1.jpg]]
 
[[File:K_table1.jpg]]
  
 
==Hydromorphological response==
 
==Hydromorphological response==
 +
The effect of the restoration on hydromorphology was assessed at different  spatial scales by comparing the restored reach to a nearby degraded reach. The restored site was spatially more diverse in resepct to micro- and mesoscale habitat diversity: the restored site had a higher substrate, flow and depth diversity. At the reach scale, the restored reach had more natural flow patterns, channel geometry and connectivity.
  
 
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==
 
==Monitoring before and after implementation of the project==
 
+
The restored and a still degraded control reach were monitored after restoration (space-for-time substitution). There were no data available prior to restoration for a full BACI monitoring approach (Before-After-Control-Impact).
Before-after monitoring of the restoration success was not done. However, assessment of the ecological and water quality status of River Kuivajoki has been done after the restorations.
+
  
 
==Socio-economic aspects==
 
==Socio-economic aspects==
 +
No information on socio-economic aspects.
  
 
==Contact person within the organization==
 
==Contact person within the organization==
 
+
Finnish Environmental Institute, Freshwater Centre  
Finnish Environmental Institute, Freshwater Centre
+
 
+
 
Jukka Aroviita  
 
Jukka Aroviita  
 
+
E-mail: jukka.aroviita@ymparisto.fi  
E-mail: jukka.aroviita@ymparisto.fi
+
  
 
==Extra background information==
 
==Extra background information==
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
 
Aronsuu K. & Isid D. 2010. Pohjois-Pohjanmaan jokien hydrologis-morfologiset muutokset sekä mahdolliset hydrologiaan ja morfologiaan vaikuttavat toimenpiteet jokien ekologisen tilan parantamiseksi, [http://www.ymparisto.fi/oulujoen-iijoenvesienhoitoalue www.ymparisto.fi/oulujoen-iijoenvesienhoitoalue]
 
Aronsuu K. & Isid D. 2010. Pohjois-Pohjanmaan jokien hydrologis-morfologiset muutokset sekä mahdolliset hydrologiaan ja morfologiaan vaikuttavat toimenpiteet jokien ekologisen tilan parantamiseksi, [http://www.ymparisto.fi/oulujoen-iijoenvesienhoitoalue www.ymparisto.fi/oulujoen-iijoenvesienhoitoalue]
  
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http://www.hare.vn.fi/mAsiakirjojenSelailu.asp?h_iId=16574&a_iId=180254
 
http://www.hare.vn.fi/mAsiakirjojenSelailu.asp?h_iId=16574&a_iId=180254
  
 
 
 
<references/>
 
  
 
[[Category:Case_studies]]
 
[[Category:Case_studies]]

Latest revision as of 11:12, 16 December 2015



Kuivajoki - Hirvaskoski


Key features of the case study

River Kuivajoki is a mid-sized lowland boreal river that has been channelized for flood protection and timer floating as many Finish rivers. Moroever, water quality is low. Instream habitat conditions have been restored by boulder placement and riffle creation, which had a positive effect on habitat diversity, macrophytes, and macroinvertebrates. Restoration had no effect on fish, which were already in a good ecological status prior to restoration, and no obvious effect on spawning success.

Site description

River Kuivajoki is a mid-sized lowland boreal river, with 970 km2 catchment area. The river is 46 km long and descends 89 metres from Lake Oijärvi to Bothnian Bay, northern part of the Baltic Sea. The mean discharge at the site is 12.8 m³/s. In this section the Kuvajoki is a 4th order stream and is assigned to the fish region salmon-European bullhead. The river is included in the Salmon Action Plan by International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission aiming to re-establish wild salmon population in the river. Kuivajoki is protected from hydropower construction by the Finnish Act on the protection of rapids.


Drivers and pressures

Fast-flowing riffle sections in the Kuivajoki river, as in most other Finnish rivers, were channelized to facilitate timber transport and for flood protection in the early 1900's. Channelisation included removing boulders from the channel which lead to loss of habitats and decreased heterogenity in stream flow patterns. These boulders were placed along the river banks where they are still present. Last timber was transported in the Kuivajoki river in 1954. Furthermore, water quality of the river is deteriorated due to human activities in the catchment. The main pressures in are peat mining, forestry and agriculture and municipal point sources.


Measures selection

Restoration of channelised riffle sections started in Finland in the 1970's. Since then, in total 2000 riffles and 1000 breeding sites have been restored. In the Kuivajoki river, altogether about 5 km of the river (consisting of multiple riffle sections in the river) were restored in the early 2000's. The stream bottom was rearranged using boulders which were removed from the channel and placed along stream margins during channelization. Also gravel beds were created to provide nursery habitat for salmonids. Hirvaskoski is one of these riffle sections in Kuivajoki river where restoration measures were conducted. Riffles in the upper part of Kuivajoki river are still channelized. The funding for the restorations came from regional water boards.

Also the regulation of Lake Oijärvi has been developed to prevent the drying of the natural stream in the upper parts of the Kuivajoki river and to enable the migration of fish throughout the year.

Success criteria

The objectives were to restore natural current conditions and morphology of the stream and to enable breeding and migration of salmonid fish.

Ecological response

Periphyton indicated a good ecological status in 2006-2012 (EQR 0,67).

Fish: Electrofishing was conducted at 13 sites in 2003 after restoration. Both salmon (Salmo salar, frequency 10/13) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus, frequency 7/13) were caught. However, all salmon individuals were older than one year and the age class 0+ was missing, indicating that natural breeding may not happen. The catch had also perch (Perca fluviatilis, frequency 9/13) and roach (Rutilus rutilus, frequency 4/13). In summary, fish indicated a good ecolgoical status in 2003, similar to electrofishing results from previous and the following years (1999-2009).

Macrophytes: Especially bryophyte abundance was higher in the restored section (see figure below), which are important for the functioning of boreal streams because they provide habitats for other biota, trap sediment and serve as a feeding area for aquatic insects. However, total species richness of macrophytes was lower in the restored section.

Macroinvertebrates showed no clear differences between the restored and unrestored sections (see figure below). However, the ecological status of the restored section changed from good ecological status in 2006 to an even high ecological status (EQR = 0.843) in 2009 and 2012. Since similar data before restoration are missing for the degraded control section, it is difficult to assess if this positive change in the restored section is due to restoration or an overall trend in the river or catchment (e.g. due to improved water quality). This stresses the need for a full BACI monitoring design (Before-After-Control-Impact). However, since water quality did not improve and rather slightly worsened (see paragraph on water quality below), this might indeed have been a positive effect of restoration.

After restoration (2000-2006) total phosphorus concentration, minimum pH and total nitrogen indicated good status. In the period of 2006-2012 water quality slightly worsened and total phosphorus indicated a moderate status, whereas minimum pH and nitrogen still indicated a good chemical status. Water quality is probably degraded by the eight peat mining areas and a wastewater treatment plant in the catchment.

K table1.jpg

Hydromorphological response

The effect of the restoration on hydromorphology was assessed at different spatial scales by comparing the restored reach to a nearby degraded reach. The restored site was spatially more diverse in resepct to micro- and mesoscale habitat diversity: the restored site had a higher substrate, flow and depth diversity. At the reach scale, the restored reach had more natural flow patterns, channel geometry and connectivity.

Monitoring before and after implementation of the project

The restored and a still degraded control reach were monitored after restoration (space-for-time substitution). There were no data available prior to restoration for a full BACI monitoring approach (Before-After-Control-Impact).

Socio-economic aspects

No information on socio-economic aspects.

Contact person within the organization

Finnish Environmental Institute, Freshwater Centre Jukka Aroviita E-mail: jukka.aroviita@ymparisto.fi

Extra background information

References

Aronsuu K. & Isid D. 2010. Pohjois-Pohjanmaan jokien hydrologis-morfologiset muutokset sekä mahdolliset hydrologiaan ja morfologiaan vaikuttavat toimenpiteet jokien ekologisen tilan parantamiseksi, www.ymparisto.fi/oulujoen-iijoenvesienhoitoalue

The Finnish Environmental Information: Hertta database.

Vesien kunnostustyöryhmä. 2012. Vesien kunnostustyöryhmän loppuraportti.

http://www.hare.vn.fi/mAsiakirjojenSelailu.asp?h_iId=16574&a_iId=180254

Related Measures

Related Pressures