Difference between revisions of "Improve/Create water storage"

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==General description ==
 
==General description ==
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Water flow and the flow regime can be altered by different factors such as changes in land cover, soil structure and compacting, loss of floodplains and wetlands, and stormwater runoff from urban areas. Loss of water retention combined with accelerated runoff typically increases the frequency and magnitude of flood peaks and reduces the availability of water to streams during low flow (base flow) periods (Saldi-Caromile ''et al''., 2004). Water infiltration and retention can be increased at the catchment scale by e.g. changes in land cover and floodplain restoration (see measure
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Water quantity and the flow regime can be altered by different factors such as changes in land cover, soil structure and compacting, loss of floodplains and wetlands, and stormwater runoff from urban areas. Loss of water retention combined with accelerated runoff typically increases the frequency and magnitude of flood peaks but also reduces the availability of water to streams during the prevailing low flow (base flow) periods.  
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[http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Improve_water_retention#General_description/ water retention].
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The measures to improve water infiltration and retention may be applied in combination with other restoration measures (e.g. water storage, restoring side channels or former meander is firstly done for restore channel morphology and lateral connectivity but also increases infiltration area) at different spatial scale and location (riparian zone, nearby land, etc). Some techniques to improve water retention and infiltration are:
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:* Text
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Preferably, a more natural flow regime can be restored by increasing water infiltration and retention at the catchment scale by e.g. changes in land cover and floodplain restoration (see measure [http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Improve_water_retention#General_Description/ Improve water retention]) since this addresses both, increased peak flows and reduced base flows. An alternative local end-of-pipe solution to reduce peak flows caused by stormwater runoff are retention and detention basins, which are of special importance for small rivers where single effluents may already cause massive erosion, affect water quality, and organisms are flushed away (catastrophic drift).
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:* Text
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Please note:
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* polders are not covered here but in the fact-sheet [http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Link_flood_reduction_with_ecological_restoration#General_description/ Link flood reduction with ecological restoration]
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* anthropogenic peak flows are also caused by hydropeaking; [http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Modify_hydropeaking#General_Description/ read more about measures to modify hydropeaking here]
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* this fact-sheet is equivalent with [http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Reduce_anthropogenic_flow_peaks#General_Description/ Reduce anthropogenic flow peaks]
  
 
==Applicability ==
 
==Applicability ==
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'''Stormwater management'''
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Detention basins are dry between floods, fill and store water during floods, slowly drain when water levels in the receiving channel recede, and hence attenuate the runoff and reduce peak flows but have very limited effects on water quality.
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[[File:Stormwater retention basin.jpg|400px|thumbnail|dry stormwater detention basin in the Ruhr catchment, Germany (source: Bildarchiv Ruhrverband)]]
  
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Stormwater reuse schemes are an effective way to reduce urban runoff volume. However, it is important to harvest only the larger flows than those occurring before the catchment was developed, to ensure that environmental flows are maintained in receiving waterways.
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Retention basins have a permanent pool of water (like ponds) and, except for the runoff exceeding the capacity of the basin that drains to the channel, the water is stored permanently. Besides reducing peak flows, retention basin have a larger effect on water quality through sedimentation of pollutants and uptake of nutrients by plants. However, due to the water permanently stored, they have a lower capacity and hence, have to be larger. In contrast to infiltration basins, they are usually not explicitly built for groundwater recharge (in contrast to infiltration basins) but still may increase the risk of groundwater contamination (Fischer et al. 2003).
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It is important to only reduce the peak flows and to ensure that low flows and environmental flows are maintained in receiving channels.
  
 
==Expected effect of measure on (including literature citations): ==
 
==Expected effect of measure on (including literature citations): ==
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*HYMO (general and specified per HYMO element)  
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* Peak flows are substantially reduced (e.g. by a minimum of 50% in Muschalla et al. 2014).
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*physico � chemical parameters
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* Effects on water quality are limited (Sebastian et al. 2015) and higher in retention compared to detention basins.
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*Biota (general and specified per Biological quality elements)  
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* Effects on biota are less well studied. There are clear regulations to assess potential effects of stormwater runoff and estimate the size of detention and retention basins in some member states (e.g. Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany BWKM3 M7), and several more general approaches are available (e.g. Bledsoe et al. 2012).
 
==Temporal and spatial response  ==
 
==Temporal and spatial response  ==
 
==Pressures that can be addressed by this measure ==
 
==Pressures that can be addressed by this measure ==
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<Forecasterlink type="getProjectsForMeasures" code="M05" />
 
<Forecasterlink type="getProjectsForMeasures" code="M05" />
 
==Useful references ==
 
==Useful references ==
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*Bledsoe, B.P., Stein, E.D., Hawley, R.J., et al. (2012). Framework and tool for rapid assessment of stream susceptibility to hydromodification. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 48, 788-808.
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*Fischer, D., Charles, E.G., Baehr, A.L. (2003). Effects of stormwater infiltration on quality of groundwater beneath retention and detention basins. Journal of Environmental Engineering - ASCE, 129, 464-471.
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*Muschalla, D, Vallet, B., Francois, A., et al. (2014). Ecohydraulic-driven real-time control of stormwater basins. Journal of Hydrology, 511, 82-91.
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*REFORM Wiki - Modify hydropeaking : http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Modify_hydropeaking
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*Sebastian, C., Becouze-Lareure, C., Kouyi, G., et al. (2015). Event-based quantification of emerging pollutant removal for an open stormwater retention basin - Loads, efficiency and importance of uncertainties. Water Research, 73, 239-250.
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*USGS - Runoff (surface water runoff) : http://water.usgs.gov/edu/runoff.html (accessed October 7th, 2015).
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*MKULNV NRW (Ministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur- und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen): http://www.flussgebiete.nrw.de/index.php/Ma%C3%9Fnahmen/M1.0 (German)
 
==Other relevant information ==
 
==Other relevant information ==
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[[Category:Measures]][[Category:01. Water flow quantity improvement]]
 
[[Category:Measures]][[Category:01. Water flow quantity improvement]]

Latest revision as of 12:16, 22 December 2015

Improve/Create water storage

Category 01. Water flow quantity improvement

General description

Water quantity and the flow regime can be altered by different factors such as changes in land cover, soil structure and compacting, loss of floodplains and wetlands, and stormwater runoff from urban areas. Loss of water retention combined with accelerated runoff typically increases the frequency and magnitude of flood peaks but also reduces the availability of water to streams during the prevailing low flow (base flow) periods.

Preferably, a more natural flow regime can be restored by increasing water infiltration and retention at the catchment scale by e.g. changes in land cover and floodplain restoration (see measure Improve water retention) since this addresses both, increased peak flows and reduced base flows. An alternative local end-of-pipe solution to reduce peak flows caused by stormwater runoff are retention and detention basins, which are of special importance for small rivers where single effluents may already cause massive erosion, affect water quality, and organisms are flushed away (catastrophic drift).

Please note:

Applicability

Detention basins are dry between floods, fill and store water during floods, slowly drain when water levels in the receiving channel recede, and hence attenuate the runoff and reduce peak flows but have very limited effects on water quality.

dry stormwater detention basin in the Ruhr catchment, Germany (source: Bildarchiv Ruhrverband)

Retention basins have a permanent pool of water (like ponds) and, except for the runoff exceeding the capacity of the basin that drains to the channel, the water is stored permanently. Besides reducing peak flows, retention basin have a larger effect on water quality through sedimentation of pollutants and uptake of nutrients by plants. However, due to the water permanently stored, they have a lower capacity and hence, have to be larger. In contrast to infiltration basins, they are usually not explicitly built for groundwater recharge (in contrast to infiltration basins) but still may increase the risk of groundwater contamination (Fischer et al. 2003).

It is important to only reduce the peak flows and to ensure that low flows and environmental flows are maintained in receiving channels.

Expected effect of measure on (including literature citations):

  • Peak flows are substantially reduced (e.g. by a minimum of 50% in Muschalla et al. 2014).
  • Effects on water quality are limited (Sebastian et al. 2015) and higher in retention compared to detention basins.
  • Effects on biota are less well studied. There are clear regulations to assess potential effects of stormwater runoff and estimate the size of detention and retention basins in some member states (e.g. Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany BWKM3 M7), and several more general approaches are available (e.g. Bledsoe et al. 2012).

Temporal and spatial response

Pressures that can be addressed by this measure

Cost-efficiency

Case studies where this measure has been applied

Useful references

  • Bledsoe, B.P., Stein, E.D., Hawley, R.J., et al. (2012). Framework and tool for rapid assessment of stream susceptibility to hydromodification. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 48, 788-808.
  • Fischer, D., Charles, E.G., Baehr, A.L. (2003). Effects of stormwater infiltration on quality of groundwater beneath retention and detention basins. Journal of Environmental Engineering - ASCE, 129, 464-471.
  • Muschalla, D, Vallet, B., Francois, A., et al. (2014). Ecohydraulic-driven real-time control of stormwater basins. Journal of Hydrology, 511, 82-91.
  • REFORM Wiki - Modify hydropeaking : http://wiki.reformrivers.eu/index.php/Modify_hydropeaking
  • Sebastian, C., Becouze-Lareure, C., Kouyi, G., et al. (2015). Event-based quantification of emerging pollutant removal for an open stormwater retention basin - Loads, efficiency and importance of uncertainties. Water Research, 73, 239-250.
  • USGS - Runoff (surface water runoff) : http://water.usgs.gov/edu/runoff.html (accessed October 7th, 2015).
  • MKULNV NRW (Ministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur- und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen): http://www.flussgebiete.nrw.de/index.php/Ma%C3%9Fnahmen/M1.0 (German)

Other relevant information

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