Drava - Kleblach
Drava - Kleblach
Key features of the case study
As part of the LIFE Nature project “Restoration of the wetland and riparian area at the Upper Drau River” several measures were implemented at the site of Kleblach. Bank stabilization structures were removed and the river bed was widened. Lateral erosion increased the sediment input and initialized the development of gravel / sand bars and islands. Furthermore the river bed incision decreased. One of the former side arms was reconnected to the river for annual flooding, and a second side arm was widened to a width of 30 m, creating diverse instream structures and increasing aquatic habitat diversity.
Site description
The Austrian river Drava (in German “Drau”) is part of the Danube catchment. The source of the river is in the Italian municipality Toblach where it continues its flow 264 km along the border between the Central Alps and the Southern Alps and across the Austrian federal states Tyrol and Carinthia. In Osijek (Croatia), the river joins the Danube River after 707 km in total. The site of the restoration project is located near the village of Klebach in Carinthia. At this point the Drava has a discharge basin of roughly 2500 km². The average annual flow of the river near the site is 63m³/s. The river at the site was historically braided with gravel banks in the channel. Until approximately 140 years ago, the Upper Drava was a free flowing, meandering mountain river with numerous braiding stretches due to alluvial cones of the tributaries. In this dynamic river system with its annual floods and high bed load transport, the river course frequently changed. A braiding river - floodplain system with large gravel banks, grey alder, willow wetlands, and wetland meadows characterized the valley.
Drivers and Pressures
The Upper Drava is the last free-flowing, not dammed stretch of the river Drava. Nevertheless, human activity has changed the river and its floodplains. The first substantial human changes began with the building of the railroad line through the Upper Drava valley in 1868. In the following years, river-engineering channelized the river in order to reduce flood risk, as well as to expand intensive agricultural land use and settlements. When the river was forced into a single main channel, the river dynamics were restricted and the number of side arms, gravel banks, wetland water bodies, and other natural habitats decreased. Due to the regulation processes and reduced sediment supply by the tributaries caused by torrent control structures, the river bed deepened. This river bed incision resulted in a sinking groundwater level, furthermore agricultural lands and the remaining wetlands went dry. The stability of bank protection structures also suffered from the erosion.
Global objectives
One of the main aims of the LIFE-Nature project "Restoration of the wetland and riparian area at the Upper Drau River" was to remove protection structures from the river banks in order to spaciously extend the river bed. Furthermore, the project consisted of initial plantings of additional floodplain forests, establishment of new water bodies in the floodplains, reintroduction of highly endangered or disappeared plant and animal species, as well as various other protective measures for endangered species.
Specific goals
- Stabilisation of the river bed, in order to secure the groundwater level of adjacent *ricultural lands and floodplains
- Long term conservation of the high ecological potential
- Increase of structure and habitat diversity (floodplain water bodies, gravel banks)
- Increase of the flow dynamics
Measures selection
At the site of Kleblach on a length of 1,3 km bank stabilization structures were removed and the river bed was widened up to 45 m in several sections. A second side arm was created with a length of 500 m and a width of 30 m. These measures aimed the stabilisation of the river bed and the groundwater level, the creation of gravel banks and the increase of instream and bank structures. One of the former side arms was reconnected to the river for annual flooding. This reconnection of floodplain water bodies with the main channel should prevent aggradation processes and provide habitats for juvenile fish and stagnophil fish species. Additionally agricultural land was purchased for the establishment of new floodplain forests.
Success criteria
No information found.
Ecological response
The within the LIFE-Nature project restored river stretches comprise different habitat types according to the EU Habitats Directive (e.g., dynamic gravel banks (3220) and tamarisk and willow pioneer communities (3230, 3240), which will further develop to alluvial forests (91 E0)). These sites provide:
- Improved spawning habitats for amphibians and fish, in particular the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho), Souffia (Leuciscus souffia), European bullhead (Cottus gobio), Ukrainian brook lamprey (Eudontomyzon mariae), and Atlantic stream crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes);
- Extended habitats for 140 bird species, including 51 red listed species, and resting places for migrating birds crossing the Alps. Typical species that will benefit include the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), the common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), the grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea), the lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor), and the golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus);
- Extended habitats for two plants which were both nearly extinct in Austria: German tamarisk (Myricaria germanica) and the dwarf bulrush (Typha minima);
In the framework of the project, an additional 5 hectares of water bodies in the floodplain area were created. These areas connect habitats for amphibians, such as the Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex) and yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata). They provide important habitats for small fish species, such as the Amur bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and improve valuable food supply for the white stork (Ciconia ciconia). The European otter (Lutra lutra) re-settled in the region, also benefitting from the LIFE-Nature restoration measures.
Within REFORM WP4, all biological indicators were sampled and compared with a still degraded site upstream (REFORM deliverable D4.3). Fish were sampled in November/December 2011 and riparian as well as floodplain vegetation in summer 2013. The restored and degraded sites were both dominated by rheophilic species. Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) was the main species at the restored site, whereas brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) dominated the degraded site. In the side channel of the restored site rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was caught. The density of small rheophilic fish and the proportion of density of small rheophilic fish were higher at the restored site (REFORM deliverable D4.3)). There was a significant difference in the total number of vegetation units (REFORM deliverable D4.3)) between restored (n=14) and degraded site (n=6). At the restored site, pioneer vegetation units such as Epilobion fleischeri and Salicion elegani were found. Sediment banks were mainly vegetated by german tamarisk (Myricaria germanica), purple willow (Salix purpurea) and olive willow (Salix elaeagnos; see photo below). The degraded site was dominated by the vegetation unit Alno-Padion which is characterized by black alder (Alnus glutinosa) in the tree layer and wood stitchwort (Stellaria nemorum) in the herb layer.
Hydromorphological response
The restoration measures which were implemented on the Upper Drava show on the basis of the monitoring results positive morphological developments. In detail the following effects could be observed:
- Stabilisation (mostly elevation) of the river bed
- Widening of the cross sections and sediment input due to bank erosion
- Development of diverse morphological structures like e.g. gravel banks / islands, pools, riffles and runs
- Higher diversity of the flow velocities and the substrate types
- Interaction between the restored sites and the regulated sections (temporary increase of the river bed erosion in downstream regulated sections possible)
- Long term success of river bed widenings depend on the superior bed load balance in the catchment (decreasing sediment input reduces the effects of the widening)
On the site Kleblach the first years (2002-2004) were dominated by high hydromorphological dynamics. Processes like local instream sedimentation of gravel banks, intense bank erosion in the side arm which lead to sediment input, could be monitored. With a mean sedimentation in the main arm of 0,35 m in 2011 a decrease of the river bed erosion could be registered.
Within REFORM WP4 hydromorphological data of this restoration site was investigated in 2012 and compared to a still degraded site upstream (). The restored site showed a higher variability in macro- and mesohabitats along the measured transects. The dominance of the main channel decreased at the restored site because of the occurance of many other channel features such as secondary channels, side bars or islands (see photo and figure below). The amount of sediment banks and islands were significantly higher at the restored site than at the degraded one. Also at microhabitat level (10 point measurements of depth and flow along the transect) the restored site showed a significantly higher depth variability compared to the degraded site (see figure below).
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Water quality response
No information found.
Monitoring before and after implementation of the project
Before and after the LIFE-Nature project the effects of the realized restoration measures - particularly for EU wide protected species and habitats – were monitored. Representative for the ecosystem Upper Drava the following indicator species and parameter were observed:
- Fishes
- Atlantic stream crayfishes
- Birds
- Amphibians
- Spiders
- Harvestmen
- Ground beetles
- Dragonflies
- Benthic invertebrates
- Butterflies
- Vegetation
- Hydromorphology
In the years 1999-2000 the reference conditions before the restoration measures were assessed. After the termination of the construction works in 2003 the same sites were surveyed again. For the following LIFE project “Life vein – Upper Drau River” (2006-2011) a monitoring on the Upper Drava was implemented as well. In combination with data from river management concepts (since 1991) the results of nearly 20 years allow established analysis and forecasts.
Socio-economic aspects
- Cooperation
The project was carried out by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management in cooperation with the Carinthian State Government.
- Interaction
No data for interaction could be found in the available project documents
- Communication
The cooperation between all involved parties and the communication with the local population and the European Commission worked out well.
Contact person within the organization
Name: Norbert Sereinig
Role: Project leader
Organization Name: Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung, Abteilung 18 - Wasserwirtschaft
Phone-Number: + 43 14762 5301 62312
Email: Norbert.Sereinig@ktn.gv.at
Extra background information
Funding
Approximate costs (total EU-LIFE project costs): 6.300 000 Euro (26 % funding from EU LIFE-programme)
References
MANDLER, H., PETUTSCHNIG, W. & SEREINIG, N. (2004): LIFE-Projekt Auenverbund Obere Drau, Endbericht; Amt der Kärnter Landesregierung Klagenfurt
UNTERLERCHER, M. & PETUTSCHNIG, W. (2011): Lebensader Obere Drau: F2. Monitoring Synthesebericht; Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung; Klagenfurt
MUHAR S., JUNGWIRTH M., UNFER G., WIESNER C., POPPE M., SCHMUTZ S., HOHENSINNER S., HABERSACK H. (2008): Restoring riverine landscapes at the Drau River: successes and deficits in the context of ecological integrity. In: H. Habersack, H. Piègay and M. Rinaldi Series Editor: J.F. Shroder JR, Gravel-Bed Rivers VI: From Process Understanding to River Restoration 11, 30, 29; Elsivier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ISBN 978-0-444-52861-2
UNFER G., SCHMUTZ S., WIESNER Ch., HABERSACK H., FORMANN E., KOMPOSCH Ch., PAILL W. (2004): The effects of hydropeaking on the success of river-restoration measures within the LIFE-project "Auenverbund Obere Drau".[Fifth International Symposium on Ecohydraulics, Madrid, 12.09.2004-17.09.2004]
UNFER, G., ZEIRINGER, B., HAUER, C. (2012): The influence of stranding due to hydropeaking on grayling (Thymallus thymallus) population of the Drau River, Austria.[9th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics, Vienna, AUSTRIA, SEP 17-21]In: Institute of Water Management, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 9th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics , USB-Proceedings
Related Measures
- Increase flood frequency and duration in riparian zones or floodplains
- Link flood reduction with ecological restoration
- Widen water courses
- Remove bank fixation
- Remove or modify in-channel hydraulic structures
- Recreate gravel bar and riffles
- Adjust land use to develop riparian vegetation
- Remove bank fixation
- Lower river banks or floodplains to enlarge inundation and flooding
- Reconnect backwaters and wetlands
- Restore wetlands
Related Pressures
- Hydropeaking
- Hydrological regime modification
- Artificial barriers downstream from the site
- Artificial barriers upstream from the site
- Alteration of instream habitat
- Sand and gravel extraction
- Embankments, levees or dikes
- Loss of vertical connectivity
- Impoundment
- Alteration of riparian vegetation
- Channelisation / cross section alteration
